NOVEMBER 13. . 1951
ff
The
Improvement Cattle Breeds In -France
By J. 0. Eevriei
is b far the most impor- t(,::titllei'm of, livestock in France. :hue in sheep there has been a mnked improvement in quauty mg recent years. they have duraimost a century shown a con- "gemble deterioration as re- End; quantity, chiefly owing to me fag-L that improvements in mming methods are continually edugmg the acres of fallow and I sturc land and that it is becom- niore and more difficult to Md shepherds. As regards horse- meding, that is also on the de- dine on account of increased muwrlzlltlon. On the other hand. while the on is being used less
. frequently as a draught animal,
its importance in LITOWHIB 53 3 mlgpproducing animal owing to the rise hi the standard of living. A, regards milch cows. milk mher as such or in the form of butter or cheese is assuming an my greater place in French diet. The dcvelopinent of foreign tour- ist traffic has also tended to in- crease the demand for meat and dairy produce.
The cattle herd now amounts to iome sixtecn million head in Fraiirc. Milch cows account for about half: the remainder com- V1595 young amimals, draught animiils. bulls and cattle reared for iirttcning or too old for work- int!
Six Main Breeds
While about thirty breeds of cattle exist in France. the great- cr part of stock is formed of six main breeds and their interbreed- ing, Fnr meat production there arc the Chareiais and the Limou- sin breeds. and for milk produc- iioii the Norman. the Red ,Pie- liald IPle Rougei. Bliwk Piebnld Ipic iioire) and Dutch breeds. The Charelals breed accounts for some 1.400.000 head and the Li- moiisin breed 685.000 head. The Norman has reached 3 million head and the Eastern red piebald breed one million. In 1949 total milk production amounted to 130 hectolitr s for 7.800.000 head. That is 0 say an animal yield of 1.130 litres per cow.
What effort is being made to improve these breeds? One lhoilld be quite clear in the first alace as to what is meant by the word, "improvement." At first sight it would seem advisable to retain the breeds producing the most meat or milk. But in a country as diverse as France one is obliged to take local conditions into account: terrain. feeding stuffs and height. which often come down in favour of hardy. resistant breeds more adaptable to environment. Great work has been done. nevertheless. in that direction. Then. Wltllqgvtm any giv. tn breed. a. selection must be made rind those individuals retained which possess the qualities of the wreod to the highest degree.
nerd Books .
The Ministry of Agriculture is subdizing associations that knot) herd books. These books contain on the one hand a list of animals conforming to the standards of the breed. but of unknown ances- iT..V. and on the other animals with an ancestry inscribed in herd books. providing of course. that they themselves conform to the standard. The "book is clog. eri' after a few generations, that is to my registration is made only of the offspring of am 31: already inscribed. Since 1947 ac- count has been taken not on) of "19 physical characteristics of the individual but of its capacity. for example. in the case of a cow; its milk yield, ,
l'rom this last point of view in milk inspection system has been set up. This consists in determin- inz as accurately as possible the milk Drodllctlon of I cow during the whole period of lactation. as well as the amount of butter that
can be made from this milk. only with I. system of this kind on
tion of dairy cattle be made.
It has long been recognised that in cattle breeds the bull plays a preponderant part in the trans- mission of qualities. In particular: milk-producing qualities are handed down by the mole rather
r" We female. Furthermore, the bull transmits its quuiv many more offspring than the cow. That explains why breeding syndicates have been instituted for the purpose of maintaining. with penses shared. a pedigree sire. That accounts too for the Act dated September 18th. 1946, subjecting the utilization of bull: to an authorization delivered by a Vigilance C lesion. This is to prevent any fvrmatlon of half- breed herds lsiinng from males de- void of useful qualities.
Aruflolai Insemination
Artificial insemination is of the greatest interest with regard to cattle because, as we have already pointed out. good features are transmitted predominantly by the male. In addition, considerably more offspring can be obtained from a good sire. It is hardly ne- cessary to add that official con- trol is particularly important in this fleld."I'herei'ore the Acts of Mav lsth. 1946, and,Mamh 21th 1948. have set up the constitution and organization of artificial in- semlnatinn centres. .
Cattle shows. which are ex- tremely popular in France. have changed considerably during re- cent years. Formerly the con- formation of the animal only was regarded. In the future. its capa- cities will also be taken into ac- count. This new method of dis- crimination has already been ap- plied to dairy cattle - at the gen- eral agricultural show in 1951.
There remains the great prob- lem of reducing the number of cattle breeds. We have already in- dicated that caution will have to be exercised in this process. In actual fact. it is not only a ques- tion of eliminating some inferior breeds. but also - and perhaps most of all of fighting against the spread of half-breeds. it will be impossible of course to prohib- it the raising of certain breeds and their half-breeds: but there is a tendency towards the cutting of all state aid .io their breeders. Thus, as regards breeds put '18 it
any rational and effective selec- .
ARMS FOB IKE: .
Tanks For Turkey, Jets For Canada, To Defend Europe
As General. Eisenhower report- edly was asking President Truman to speed up arms shipments to Western Europe. there was pictor- ial evidence that much has al- ready been done to bolster Eu- rope's defense with American arms. Above at Istanbul, Turkey.
American-made tanks. manned by
Turkish troops, parade past a re- iiewing stand during celebration of the Turkish repubiic's 28th sn- niversary. Since 1948. Turkey has received about t700.000,000 in U.S. military aid to reinforce her posi- tion as the keystone of Near,East defense against Red aggression. A: Norfolk, Vt.. right, U. B. Sabre iets are loaded on the Royal Can- adian aircraft carrier Magnificent Jets will be used by Canadian pilots in England.
were on the index. the Ministry tion in the case of bulls belong-itcrritories. with 3 view to im- of Agriculture has decided to hold ing to these breeds.
no special shows for them, to stop subsidizing
to prohibit artificial
associations I-s2eping,not be known for some time. Butisame will be true for herd-books for these breeds, and.thcse already obtained. in Metro-Fivhlch have a for more important lnsemina-ipolitan France and in overseas D1006 in French 9C0'n0mY-
Opening” orillriirfii Showing Stopped
MONTREAL Nov. In -(0P)-- A men who served five years of a life sentence for the slaying of his nine-yearold daughter 30
Montreal theatre (St. Denis) from showing a movie based on the case.
Mr. Justice Joseph Jean granted the injunction to Telesphore Gag- non to halt the opening of the picture scheduled Saturday.
ily to production of the movie and :11; case was strictly a. family of- a . . The hearing will take place Nov. 14. a At the trial 3o.years ago the stepmother and father of Aurore Gagnon were found guilty of the child's death from months of in- humane treatment at their home near Des Chaillons. nesr Quebec. The stepmother was sentenced to death but diedin prison before the date set for execution. The father was sentenced to life im- prisonment. He was released after five years for good behavior. Title of the movie in question is "Little Aurore-Infant Martyr."
RI7I'l'lElR.DAM, The Netherlands. Nov. 7 - (Reuters) - Holland- America Line ships carried 16,000 emigrants from Rotterdam to Canada this year, it was learned,
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