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(flonthitled from page one)

man -beings. but as mere factors in protlttctiou There have bceti at-

tempts made 'to overcome this evit the most successful being the band- ing of the laborers together to cut out or largely reduce this deadly competition which left untrammelled would fill our sweat shops and sap tho physical strength of the nation. .By controlling competition Labor Unions have forced np wages and secured it fairer distribution of work amoull their members and seek to do more'

in this ldirectlon, lindced to the extreme limit of their power. But it is evident that there. is tl point he-t _vourl which they cannot ge. .lust ns' the capitalist cannot for long hold wages below the sttbsisteuco line or below the minimum required for n. ful. and henlthylife, for that would entail tha destruction of the laborer, so the laborer ll' ‘he imposes excessive wages llbou the capitalist so as to force him to produce at a loss will :ls certainly destroy him. Between those limits” thorn is ever going on on ohh and- ilow, having to do with at division ol‘

U10 llroiits, and in the intelligent con- .

trol of this lies the only possible solu- tion of our problem. -But, it is ask-N ed, cannot Labor and 'Capital together contrlve to force up prices at the ex- lionse of the consumer. They can alle do, but this power is also subject. -io limitations. Laborer and Capitalist alike nro part and parcel of an inter- ‘l“lll‘udcnt Humanity.

Under enhanced prices the homo,

lnnrltot is restricted and outside com-|‘ petition is ntv`ltea. capital and Lab., or alike a.re.dependent upon posses-I Slut: markets and this in the long run involves that they shall produce so lls to be able to compete in thc mar- ltots of the world. Neither Capital- ist nor Labor Unions can as YM 110111' lnato the world's markets. Tim day ‘lilly como when co-opel-ation will ro- lllaco competition, but. this -is as yet lu the distnn-t future and meanwhile wo must. face facts as they are. Sup- DOSG, for instance, the German -says: "We are prepared lo work two hours longerznnd ilf-ty -per cent. hardertban tho Englishman." This will tend 10 make living very much cheaper ln Germany than in England and we can Work at it lower wage willt a corres- llondlng degree of comfort and ll llfeater assurance of- having continu- fllls work. Ultimately we can close “ll Elilrlish factories and force Enos llshmen-capitalists and laborers alike +V/ith their high scale of wngcs and 0t_§1er.reutrlct.ions,. out of business. it ltrodtlced cheaply enough our monu- raeturen will una their way to his lllirlets through neutral coun-trie.~ “Nil as Holland, Sweden, Denmark. ills Unites -states,-in mn a wav that he cannot protect himself from them. it he tries to do lt through it hlilll tariff of customs that-will align ine farmer and cousumersvgenerally Bl- Qilllll the manufacturers and with the 5 ,N llfllles of -the country wasted ln ill- 1tPl‘llll`strifa we' will effect our end in '°,_¥\I6l° ways, "

$£_°¢9nuln¢~tn»»s.umit»uona. our

it-“lm and umm anus must

to soo that those are equitably divid- oti. _ _ _ _ '

Flrttt oi' all to make profile. You

know the receipt for making hare. soup. "First of all you catch the bare." Boforg you can divide profits it is necessary to make them. i\ truism. yet one teb often overlooked. lfahor Unions must realize that the

power of the Employer to pay wages depends upon his power to market his goods at a profit. They must -take into account. india, China, Japan. where there is an abundance oi' cheap labor which can be exploited by the white races and that capital has a ten dency. to seek the place where it can operate -tn greatest atlvimtage. There soemsto bp n prevalent idea, par-

ticularly ,among the laboring class. tllat because we spent millions during the war' and because large wages and salaries were paid, often when not really earned, that this can go ou without. limit. Tile lion. J. lt. Clyncs, .\l.l'., who collllnoltcvd life as :t labor- er and who is one ol' the Labor l’:l\‘~ ty’s most trusted lenders, says: “The working classes in their own interest ought to understand that the war has left :tn enormous burden of debt, and not an cnorlnolls ceilectiou ol' wealtlt." During the war we were indulging lu tho luxury oi' spending money re- gardless ot' the fact illntwe were run- ning into debt. We paid wages and salaries without. taking' into account the cost of thu thing produced bct-.atlso larger' ixsties were involved thai. umlle ll. imprwltivo that we should liave them. ilut tho war over it becomes necessary that we shall live within our income and that cost of produc- tion shall be governed by the .possi bllities of the market.

Any person can spend money. but

it requires effort. and efllcient-,v I0 Dl`0- duc;-. wealth and conserve lt. Legis- lation and Labor Regulations will never produce wcalith_ only well-dit# octed effort. The first. step and an absolutely essential one is for Capital and Labor to come together. Prob- ably 50 por cent. of their et1`ectivf_l power is today lost through ineffici- ency, friction and strikes.

inefficiency, ignorance, selfishness-»

thesn are our true foes which we must overcome or boovercomo by the-nl.

ll' everybody was oillcient and all

worn ready to play tho game fairly. and il' the work was so directed as to get tho best. possible results with lt minlnllim or waste cnorily |f»W0‘l|fl not bo necessary for any il¢\l‘S0u to work more than six hours .1 ,duly and wg would get a grcatdeal more dono than we do at. ill‘999l\l»

iiet us not forget that wo must Llc.

the workidonc. if we do not produce things or produce them lu lusuillvlfull quantities some on must go without, and those who get them must pay an excessive price. And in .production nothing counts as much as efficiency- A skilled lnborerworklng in his own interests will do more in one hour than an ordinary mon will in two. and it is in the public interest that ho shall produce all he can. Yet the mes is prevalent in Labor Ulllollll that it man should do as little as he decently ean'.ln the mistaken idea that this `wlll leave more work to go around, This is a very grave dnniler. and unless we realize -the fallacy Of it we are headed towards disaster. lt. will -breed iuenlcfency, short pro mutton and high prices. These are not likely to make a nation Kreal OF .wnpemnm are pot, likely to help tho .lsborerln the ions fllll- _

the need of efficiency is nm-

’"!"‘l|l_9 Tibet..-sit, Aerolren than lm or at wanna sf4d¢#ot¢»\l»\sr

-0 ~<¢<!j'-.<_ . ,-

as

is

frggvgjg yoga lll'|l8r. Qllilé,

its much depends upon the clileleucy -ofthe employer. Ilenry Ford can give his mer. $6.00 o. day and still roll up millions for himself. Wbvy? .ls it not because his methods of working, lboth as regards his intelli- gent perception of what is wanted by the purchasing public and his adopt- ation of Skilled labor and machinery

to meet these needs far transcenm those of the average luanufacturei".’

'The Standard Oil has made untold | millions. They should not be permitted 5 to take se much profit for themselves and we ‘must check this evil by an intelligent application ol' the gradu- ated income tax, but we must realize that in virtue of the efficiency oi' their business methods the consumer gets his oil al half the cost he othcr~ wise would even when the company gotsien times more profil than it should.

in trade at big concern, well orgnu-

ized, can make millions in handling pork at a margin of profit ot' one cent pcr pouitd, while it small one poorly managed will go to the wall on a. margin of flvc cents at pound. There are dangers connected with the cen- tralization and concentration or wealth, but theso,eo.u and must. he overcotno; Labor -must, however. loco these facts and. realize that they have o, more practical bearing on the question of their obtaining higher wages than has anything that Labor Unions can do. _ -

Our Economic .llachlno is a vory

complicated one, in which Capital one Labor are geared up together ann nothing -short? of an intelligent appre- ciation ot how te get the greatest pos- sible efficiency out of it will really solve the problem for el-ther partly. To throw a. monkey wrench into tho Capital port ol' tho machine may make necessary a general overhaul ,with some beneficial results but does not directly make for increased pro- duction.

This requires co-operation, not con-

flict. Capitalist. ami laborer alike must realize that one cannot 'no in- jured wllllout thc other sufl`crlng,nnd that thu real object ol' life in not mo- ney but comfort and enjoyment not for it low, but i`or all.

Wo all want mnny things-Food.

clothing, shell.ol', things ‘of beauty. But to possess these they must first of all bo produced and ln sufficient quantity so that there may be enough to gn around. We never have pro duced enough and wc never will un- der. present methods. We can glut. markets but have never honestly sought to supply the needs of human-. il~y_as a whole. We need all that we atprosout produce and much more. for there :irc mnny_ very many, wtlo are in actual want.. _ li' our forces were intelligently directed there is no need that any should wnitt save through vice and indolence and these can be dealt with. Half the' energy tot the world today-that of employers and employes alike-is wasted through lack of knowledge, friction, imper- fect._methods, slothfulness and lack of coordination. But. we cannot find relief from our dlillculties by ranging class against class; not in fighting for seperate interests but in o larger .measure of intelligence and nn hon- bst spirit or no-operation using rbroughtfto -bear upon our problems which though confessodly dimoule can nevortkeleslllbe solved. _

An army. without leadership is

merely s mob of men. Our economic machine unless coordinated and pro; vided with itfldoncdfittilfftdhr' titélf to

FIQUDI- .W§o\»‘fw0"‘|'|§\‘l‘l`° in ,ir¥d|`|,l in

1

1

books, on public platforms' is' ri dn!

sire to get at the truth at all costs' instead of being told half truths that paudnr -to class prejudices and keep tis in a t'ool's ' radisc.

We are gettii; at the facts slowly,

but at at tearful’ cost of wasted energy and long delay for very meagre re- sults. We can speed up immensely iv we put i`orth an honest effort. Al- ready much has been done in England which today is leading the World. The last agreement reached by Capital and Labor which provides a. joint cou- trol of the vast industries concerned with regard to the distribution of pro- ilt-s, makes their interests identical and cannot. fall to produce the most. beneficial results so long as it is loyal- ly lived .up to. Wo in Canada can profit by their efforts and experience an<i_in tho light of this last more hopefuli-y attack our own problems. You as leaders of public opinion in Prince Edward island in matter; ol this sort have also a duty to porrot-nl. You can through special txoltllttlttc-es aud a statistical secretary keep in touch with what is going on through- out the world: meet the luhor leaders here and talk nlatters over with them having in view co-operation ralhel than a treaty between be-lltgerents. and there is no reason why y-oi should not play your part in tho ffouncllsl of tho Dominion.

Let it be clearly understood that

wherever there is n. man ready tn work there should be work for him to do at 'tt fair wage and i.l1a‘. it. is .1 public duty devolvlng upon ouch and all of us to strive to make this pos- sible. We cannot produca too much. We may glut the lmmcdtttely avail- able market but that is an argument not to restrict production but to find enlarged markets. Tho key to suc~ cess lies in developing .tt more unself- ish type of public spirit. Democracy means liberty. Liberty, however. is dangerous, unless it is penneated with the spirit of service. Democracy without this tuay well be worse than Autocracy for it may mean only lib- erty for class selfishness.

l

Predatory influences.

One is tempted to ask whether soli-

lshnosu does not lin at the root ot' all our diillcultios. To some etttettt it docs; yet it would bo o. mistake tl conclude that lt dominates all our actions. We must discrlminolc bo tween self-interest and selfishness. il is surely- right that every man should desire all the Joy. all the knowledge and all the development that life can possibly give him. Is such desire sel- fishness? No! But it may result in selfish action. All our desires are essentially good, but if not controlled by o keen sense of what is due to the other fellow, will bring confusion. disorder and disaster upon ourselves and tile commonwealth. We' are lil- norant rather than vicious. We look at lite too exclusively from the viewpoint of material progress. We know better, lf we stop to think; but weact too often as though we 'believed that the only nexus between man and msn is money, the highest -type of pleasure self-indulgence. Hence with our eyes closed to the larger issues we lose direction. Money can do mnch. it can give us comfortable homes, nrt, music, rest and pleasure,' but it will be found that the permanent joys oi life depend, not mainly upon these but upon our rehtionl to God and our fellowmen. The clones lnvoloulllt

mere economic factors in the lndus

trial machine, to be exploited ns much

as possible. Now the masses are waking up and are tempted to act. upon the same principle. Having th.\ power they think they are Justlfled in ‘using it Qxcluslvely ,in their own iu- terests regardless oi' 'ultimate conse- quences to the community as at whole, Tho. pendulum ever swings as for in one direction as ‘lt did in the other. The present movement involves :tn upsetting of the old order and tem- porary economic loss. Wo must needs accept it as the unavoidable penalty u: our unwise actions of the past. it is, folly to appeal to the wage earniul: class with the argument that ll' they do not work at a low wage the whole industrial structure will bq__rri§np.ced with disaster. This would be o. sound proposition -li' every member of the community will make a like sacrifice, but as Blatchford puts it. “To ask t.~ man to work for 305. a week ($7.50), for tllesuke ot' England, while Lor» (‘h:tu<‘cllo\‘s are peusiolled at £5,000 t$25.000\ a year and while our big cities are studded with Banks and Grand Hotels-and jeweller shops ana mansions and gardens and motor gar- ages, is to ride au elementary theory to death?" We must play the game as between man and man, and see what can be done in the way of divid- ing the profits more equitably before de- ciding what sacrifices may bn legitim- ntelymkedfoi-. Thcftlndamentul fact that has been ignored by both masses and classes is that Humanity la an organic whole. 'Phat only in the well-being of the all can -the lasting happiness of the individual be found.

Try to conceive of a community in

which every person puts forth all his energies towards providing for the general needs and in which each sought to guard his uelg-hbor's happi- ness as 'his own. Could it not pro- duce all it required and be an ideal place to live ln, without any money at all? What is the basic idea in ottr concept oi' Heaven? is it not co-op- eration-absence ot’ friction Con you conceive of lleaven on a competitive basis? Wo need not hope to establish the Heavenly Status on earth just yer, but we should realize that just ln pro- portion as the spirit of co-operation and good fellowship exists in human relationships can n. nation or a cem- munlty satisfactorily solve the pro- blems which mortal life present. ln tho past individuals gave little thought to tho well-being of others. Each sought its or his own selfish aims at the expense of the other. The result of this has been made very apparent hy the late war. The predatory iu- stinct which finds greater or less ex- pression iu each and all of ue must be brought under control. it is our greatest foe and yet we are prone to deem it a friend to whom we turn for protection-to secure our interests ns opposed to those of others. Our first task is to ilud out where legitimate self-interest ends and selfishness -be- gins and to discern how and to what extent the latter hampers and dos- troys the eillolency of our economic machine, having as our aim not mere ly the production of efficient mechan- ic units, but a satisfactory type or human being.

\

.How selilohnen Locum the/Produc - tion of Wealth.

We have seen that wealth comes

from one source only--the opplicotiou of human 'intelligence and human ef-

feli`cwsh|,_ within their--‘clue con- baiviu or the |l_nnn_s»o actor an

fort to the production and distribution

sires. Tho mrln who make the plougn and the itarvester, the men who build

and operate the railway or the ships which carry the product to market, the Banks that provide the money to facilitate the exchange are all as ne.- cessary factors in supplying the needs of mankind as are the farmer or mln- er, and should be recompensed for their labor in proportion to the work they do. But mitch oi' the wealth of the world passes into the possession oi' those who _perform no essential part in production or distribution- who are to all intents and purposes pirates. A farther raises his wheat at it cost of eighty cents and sells il. for $1.00, Transport and Finance are entitled to fair remuneration for their services;-init before it can reach the consumer at few men at tt great distri- buting ceutre corner the supply an-» raise the prlee to $2.00, poeketing the difference. This is Piracy. The own~ ers of at gt-ent railwa-y by watering its stock and claiming the right to pay dividends on such water, raise unduly the cost of transport to the' consumer, forcing him to paytributel to them for their predatory ability. Stock speculatoru, playing the tnnrke1_ not only disturb legitimate trade to servo their selfish ends, bllt obtain t. lien on production for which they-‘ gave no value. More piracy. _-\- few capitalists purchase tt mine, obtain :l charter and capitalize it at a sunt of- tetltimes very much in access oi' :t fair profit on the sum they paid roi lt. They immediately secure wealth in large sums which they have not in- gltimatel-fy earned, but which must come out of the pockets oi' coal con- sumers in tho form of enhanced pric- es. More piracy. Some hundred-s ol' years ago, tho Dukes of Portland ob- tained possession of a large area. of land in what is now the heart of Len- don. They let it out on lease and ob- tained from their rents the full value` of the usufruct of their land. But. owing to the lndustry of the people of England the advantages which at- tached to the possession of land in Loudon kept ever increasing so that the Dukes of Portland obtained in ad- dition to their rentals a. further return amounting to ovor 500 por cent. of its original value. A return which they did not earn-what in political econ- omy ls known as ttho unearned incre- mont.

As eonomic organization develops,

wo observe that tboro are certain

ownerships-such as railways' ship- ping lines, public utilities and large corporations which tend to become more and more mouopolstlc_ }ler.\ again the Predatory in-slluct finds too free scope for action.

Do noi. lmuglnt-_ that the men so

employed are worse than the average. On the contrary they are often, in their individual capacities, the most generous mortals. Most ol' our great phllanbhropieu we own to men of this type, but our laws and public opinion so mould our industrial relationships as to provide opportunities of obtain ing wealth more easflly and rapidly by such piracy than by legitimate pre- ductilon. and they had the ability to seize it. Before we condemn them, let. us ask ourselves how many of ue.

if we knew that the government]

would soon require a piece of land which at present could be bought at n low figure, would refuse to slap in with a view of making a pro- ht

is it not seemly, therefore, before

we attempt to decide the maximum

improperly abstracted by the methods just mentioned, could be. conserved for the benefit of the laborer? You

merchants know what too heavy oven

he there-arc' too

many overhead charges in trodeycan- not we get rid of some of’ them? '

il' Labor Unions were to turn their

attention and direct their voting pow- er to correcting this evil, they would be surprised at the result. Much can be done and each step gained will make easier the next. No com- pany should be granted Letters of incorporation until u competent gov- ernment beard has passed upon the legitimacy of its capitalization and the reliability of the statements set forth in its prospectus. All great public utilities should be under gov- ernment supervision and control, and eillcleut management should bemado it ooudit-ion of the continuance of any' charter. All buying and selling on lutlrgiu, that is .purely speculative, ought to be stopped as far as pos- sible. Men should be taught to pro- duce, not to prey upon production.

The Income Tax which involves the

submission of full statements of' .llc- count uutl which provjdesz for the taking, for the public, a large propor- tion or any excess earnings, is a very important .step in the direction of reform.

Above all, oaclt individual voter.

should be brought to realize the im- portance, in his own interests, of sending as his representative to the councils of l.ho¢l')omlnl0n, men, uve to fight for class or sectional inter- ests-ihat means disaster-but can able of dealing with the momentous questions which must be settled in the immediate future, and settled

wiuely_ lf' we are not to suffer, and to be settled wisely, they must be settl- ed on the bas-is of co-operation -of human needs not merely industrial ef- flcioncy.

Robert Blatchtord says: “Men who

measure everything by money ilud it almost impossible to think in terms of human nature." l wonder how many more years it will be before tho nation realizes tho simple truth that. men may be rich and miserable--poor, and happy-successful and wicked- useful and despised? What good--doesf it do a man to earn big wages at the cost. oi all human culture and nntural plensurc. at the risk oi' his life or to ruin ills health? The object of lilo

U (Continued on page toni' Y W

FROM tlle_l°`__lRS'I` DOSE

Hood's Sol-laparllll logins its Reconstructive Work.

First, it creates an appetite.

Second, lt aids digestion.

Third. it perfects assimilation. Fourth, it carries 100 per cent. of

the nourishment in the food you ell: into the blood and the body, thereby- enrtchlng and vltalizing your blood; and builds up again your resent strength and vitality.

This makes l-Iood'n Sarsnportlll

one ofthe great remedies ct. the world. Prom the first dose you sro on a deflnltn road to improvement. It is of inestimable vslug lust new to restore tho health and nerve force no greatly exhausted by our excitement, the gi-up md lniluonu s-palette an f the changing season. lt ll the ` lnedidne for volt tllil limit; » Got" bottle WNY. '_`»

And It you need A mild, _doctlvq

of meh things as satisfy human de-

wogea, that we can afford to pl.y.'l.hot we should ascertain how much money,

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