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MINERALS IN THE DAIRY l d h “Anni slzgnettezvnhmgihtﬂt the “m M “I411”. nothing of the sort. This state of

‘reason, it. ls said, that a dog likes plgﬂy fgpfugngjﬂ'_‘g._ a, “n”.

VALUE 0F {LAYING cqufgg-rgging that he must give up the ﬁght.

l; spikes or splinters

whether tllcy are worn or not. iiow

value of different breeds of poul-

oi- for its sconipih mint.‘

heavy blows of affairs natu‘ ll le d ti h USES OF DEAD HORQES’ ﬁlly sort. Others lose their temp . u‘ y ‘a a m ‘a s 0e ‘Om’- °f U"? ‘"93- PIFMHQ" 39'1"‘ —-—+ to drop into a blacksmitthhl shop sterile‘ ﬂgnmﬂnn“ | q, . l ‘ - ‘ lLi‘ pinching sooner or later, and tliere- p , , ‘ . _ , , ' '. . of} , l, l i! _ , iln the tIlilsi-edcitllillilzqe ‘of year: “I!!! stud do a lot of damage. Care can fore it is necessary t.ilit slloeg L55 “Wing contests are valuzl- WP"! Immﬁ Willi 111m. ‘ind 9n ""118 Tile horse is one of t-lie most. usO The parings nie. said to .be bealfh- function ﬂung N," My “mt have men on Y rﬂqlwn Y ll ie exerci-sed to ace that there are should b9 e | n] n ble iii that [hgy snow the relaﬂve found that lie llad employed expert 1n] n1 nnlmn]; |n n“ “(name an; fnL nnn am given ‘by game dog. a norm" n!“ or h.- hh‘ “in tllis deDHhl-Iliﬂllt U18 Illvﬁllilgilllﬂlll n0 projectin p r0 c“ y renmved '1Hlvl1*!'|vl0i5l-“d8_ to 01811!‘ 011‘! U"! his carcase is pat to maliy uses owners, moire or less regularly, to “is

that are being niadeas to the min- era] nutrition of milk cows. For a long time it was thought that if a new got all she could eat of a pro- ngrly balanced ration, the feeder was doing all t-hat could reasonably ‘be expected of him. Just .iu the

in the chutes, crates dr can; 1n which the hogs are shipped, Mo“ of’ the injuries are unnecessary and are the result of carelessness. Not one of them can ‘be jnsiiﬁed on the grounds of economy,

inst few years investigators have begun to finest-ion the perfection of the balanced ration. They have been telling us that a cow may be getting ail that she requires of pro- tcili, (lilllimhytiflllﬁﬁ and fat, aiid yet the starving for minerals such as calcium. This lack of liiinerais in the rat.ion is now supposed to ex- plain why cows th‘at are given a very short rest period ‘between lac- tation periods slirink rapidly in tiloii‘ milk from year to year. it is also supposed to explain why very heavy milking cows lose i-n vitality in spite ot‘ the most. liberal rations. ‘it liuu been proved beyond a d0u‘bt tiult while cows are milking heavily in fresh tlow, they are using ulp more oalcinnl (or lime) than they can get in their feed and they draw tlie extra calciuui from their bones. The calcium withdrawn is restored during the rest period. A recent report from ‘the Olilio experiment station reports as follows on this question: "'l‘lie result of this inves- tigation elupllasized t.lle necessity of ii. dry resting period. 'l‘lie feeding d-uring this time should be suﬁici- ently liberal to permit the building up of extensive reserves of iiutri- iiieiit, which shall protect the vit- ality of the ‘cow and penmit the full expression of her capacity to produce the ‘milk during the follow- ing period of lactation We recom- mend llberal feeding during a dry

period of four to six weeks for cows‘

in a normal state of nutrition, and eight weeks or niolre for cows ili a st-ate of depletion. Also that. dur- ing this period cows should be fed two or three tlzmes, the amount of total nutrlnlcllt, alld three to four- tinics the amount 0i‘ protein neces-r sary i‘or maintenance. Tile primalry, opportunity for building up the nli-- trlelit reserves of the cow is during the growth of the heifer." Here we" have a scientiﬁc ‘eiaplanatioli of why good feedillg should be followed, during fl. dry period of reasonable length and on ulilliiswerllible argu- llncnf. for the ‘liberal feeding of growini; heifers.

{Q-}-;»——~

MORE USES FOR THE TRACTOR

‘When automobiles were ﬁrst inan- hint-lured, no one dreamed of the future possibilities of the industry. Alutolndbi-les and, their bi! brothers, the motor truck-s, are today consid-

ered absolute necessities for tho-.is-_

ands ofdifferelit kinds of work.

A good deal the same sort oi’ evolution is destined to occur wlili tlie farm tractor. Men are just be- gillllilig to r lize its possibilities. and every ‘lay one hears oi‘ some nnw us‘- for IIIPHI! inccllalllcltlqiow- cr plants. hiuiiy people have lladl ille ltilul that slut-c those trllctnrsl were ticvclopeti primarily‘ for use on farms that they were limited to this ileld. This is just as for from being true as that the automobile‘. is limited to pleasure purposes] 'i‘rnctors arc now being used by many commercial concerns for‘ work which neither tlic tractor lllillllifilf?illl'l‘rl' nor dealer hnd lli tliilld a few years agu and thtlre are still lunny IIllt-léidll wnltk lor which tractors can ‘be used which have not yct been tievelopod. ‘

‘Sonic ticaltlrs are beginning to realize the possibilities of selling tractors for commercial purposes, anti wllcrc i.l1t.‘y Iulvc nlnde a real ‘bid for this business results have in nearly every case been highly satisfactory. '

One of the most important. uses fur the tractor. ncxt to ileld work, is in grading and maintaining of country roads. The tractor is no cxpleri‘lllent for roild wlirk—it lint; proven its right to this sphere ill thousands of cases.

Another important ileld for trac- tors and one which is just being developed is ill contracting work such us excavating, grading, etc. This applies to rural 00llll1lllliil|c>l as well as to city building. A great llinliy tractors litiive been sold dur- ing the past few years to manufac- tnlrillg concerns which handle n. large amount of bulk materlall and have a great. many curs to ni-cve on their railroad switches. A tractor will move a car on a siding iii many instances ‘better than a team of litirses.

--l-__4-0>---- BRUISED PORK.

A well known tracking company ll short time ago made a six days’ careful check on the injured cuts of meat passing through the cutting room of one of their big plants. ‘Slightly over lli per cent. 0f all t.lie cuts passing through the plant dtlr- illil that time showed injury from tiruises. The greater number of these were on the hams, bellies, and books and they ranged from whip weits to deep wounds that. looked as though they were inﬂicted by forks. Conditions in the yalrd were examined and canes and whips were thrown out and a light slappar made of belting was substituted. Then another check was made, ‘hilt showed very little difference in the ‘Percentage of injured cut-s.

The effect of ‘bruising is very con- Bliiclious for it causes the ‘blood to settle in the white fat underneath ‘the skin. .A cut so damaged is thrown out of-the ﬁrst grade and "5 D1108. wholesale to the retail ‘"66. is cut anywhere from one to four cents a pound. _On its-ms it is 3% cents and t e loss on a ‘BO-lb ham is in the n igllborhooilsaf 75c. "on. no doubt,‘ are stubborn sni- ‘mlls to handle, '

|farmer not only guarantees‘ , . ,_ ‘the ingredients will be of ready m“ food value in the clover, but li cut

bbeen necesslry to ‘bring in iindinn

-lo-o>_____ HOME-MIXED Fl-ilrrlLlzgg At present there seems to ‘he n tendency to mix fertilizers nt Ilijlne Many) farmers are finding illlit they 9"" ‘ "Y the raw materials alid liiix them at lower prices than n“, "Illlflied i‘or the same ltnulysis by "I9 mi1Tlll1llf-‘lul'cl‘ who bought when materials were much higher The] manufacturer has dolie n great set‘. vice lﬂrllﬁfifrlllilll? by preparing zliitilled fertilizers of general adop- ‘1 fr” "n" by thc educational {Not t wlilcli he has kept tip through 9C4] lliérhtﬂ in each community. 'llie fertilizer lliallntuctllrer has met the tlelnnuli for ‘low-priced gonds of low analysis. - _ . I Iior some reason then‘, n“ been .l. steady demand tor goods oi‘ this kind, probably because of the low DPlce per ton. This has never ‘been a paying practice for the farmer, it is iliucll less so now when tleigiit rates are so iiillch higher. I" "iilklllil lli) a ton oi‘ tliesc low- grade mixtures it is necessary to put in a celrfliin amount of practi- cally worthless material to make up H"? Welitill. or to use considerable Quantities of low-grade ’lngredients which are not desirable t‘rom the economic point of view. By purcn-

,‘be seriously injured by bad work-

lons the shoes may be allowed to remain on without danger of caus- ing trouble is a matter which may ‘depend upon circumstances, but the younger the animals the quick- er the iiorn of the foot grows, and, speaking generally, about a month is the ilinlt fnr an old horse, so tlic feet of [JG juveniles require more frequent attention. The shoeing of young horses is a task upon which not only n great tlczil oi‘ skill, ‘but a vast amount. of patience should be expended, as not only lilliny a foot

manship, but the temper of a colt may bc ruined for lii‘e ii‘ lie gets thoroughly scared during his early visits ‘to tlie forge.

Young horses which have had their feet attended to will naturally ‘be quieter w.lcn having their first shoes on than those ylijch encoun- ter nothing but new exr/‘icnces, blit ill the caseot‘ one who gives n great deal oi‘ trouble it is ibest in defer putting on tlic liind shoes until another day, rather than to upset him altogether by a inng course of struggling with the far- rier.

____-4+>i-—- CLOVER FOR‘ CHICKEN FEED

Clover is one of the best alid cheapest of rations for poultry. Many penple do not seem to un- derstand .low to use it to obtain the ‘best resulﬂt for winter use.

First, it should be cut from early

“SIDE floods of high analysis the‘ that

nilability‘, but he can mix them tn suit the requirements oi‘ his Inn-U. citlar soil.

--eo->—-_- -_

TRY OUT NEW FLAX MACHINE

A report from Clinton, states that flax pullers are busy throughout this district har- vesting asplentllti crop of iiax, said lobe the best the district llns produced for several years. it ans

0iit.. llu.w

labor in order to get the crop gath- ere .

The Dominion Government has zl lease of the Clinton flax mill, alid while it is being operated on a commercial basis, it is also being used for experimenting with iiax nlticllincry, with tile tibjcttt of sec- uring tlic lllOSI. modern machinery available for this purpose, nnd lilac- es tile Government Ill a position where they call give practical help to farmers and mills requiring such‘ infornnition.

A new lie-seeding machine, built! at Winnipeg, ‘wit-n -n capacity two

ltons ‘per hour, is now being tried flare‘

out. it is claimed for this lnncliitle that li_ will remove tlie flax without damaging the straw and also clenfls the seed with the same. operation. so that when tlie seed leaves tile machine it is ninety-eight per cent. pure and suitzllble for exportation without further cleaning.

The mill is again testing out a good illally tiiifercnt varieties of iII)i'P-|ll‘()lIIl('IX]lJ,' seed wits a view to securing tlie highest yielding var- iety, zind the majority of these vnr- ietics were inlportcd from foreign countries.

in this immediate district the (‘lnton lniil will harvest 188 acres ni‘ flax this year. ‘

—-~¢o->ii

VALUE OF OATS AS A CONCEN- . TRATE

The oat is tlic most extensively‘ grown cereal in this country, higher in crude protein than corn anti IIIEJGI‘ in fat than wheat and nl- liiost equal to corn in this respect. [lull-less varieties are generally considered better feed lor pigs and poultry but for tiiller (ilnsses of stock tlic varieties which have n thin lulll are preferred. Oats is one of thc safest ail-round feeds we have. it lllakcs tlie best. troiicen- irate feed for tlic horse owing to its bulky character. it is well suit- ed also for the dlliry cow, for sliecp for growing pigs, in mixtures for fattening cattle and particularly for the groyth oi‘ all young animals. For young QIIIVES it is ‘possibly of most value fed wnole up until tile calf is seven or eight months oi‘ age. Until he learns to eat liow- ever the cult’ can be fed ﬁnely ground oats with tlie liulis sifted out. For young pigs oats may be ﬁnely ground‘ and for sheep fed whole or crushed. in the ration for iile dairy row, oatmeal is some-l times too high ill price but. other- wise is very satisfactory as a part of the ration, Crushed oats or out- melll make inc best feed in still-t. the young foal. This grain is the most ‘keenly relished by horses oi‘ ally concentrate. llorses at hard work should have their oats crush- cd and may be given from 10 in l8 lbs. n dny. Although it is said flint the out is too ‘bulky to he ni‘ nincli value in fattening pigs anti that its use is costly, up to one-third m‘ cv- eli one-liaif of the coilccntrnte rat- inn may lie composed ni‘ ‘finely ground oats. Oats in essentially n growth promoting feed and one that contains considerable mineral mat- ter wllicli strengthens ‘bone. it is a soft feed and one that nlay often form part of the fattening ration to provenf the evil effects of too hea- vy feeds sucli as barley or corn.

-_-i--£O-}—-—-—

HOW OFTEN TO SHOE

A horse which is doing little or no work naturally cnough makes his shoes inst longer than another WAICII is out for several hours n

lined or ill the shape oi‘ illPilI is a

for liens.

to full bloom; not only at this time is the largest per cent. of the

at this time a second, and even a third crop can be harvested. The nitrogenous elements oi IIIETIOYGI‘ are the most valuable for feeding purposes and it. is therefore iili- portant to cut tile. clover at the time of the greatest IIGVPIOIIITIRHI. of these elements. _ ‘

‘Clover should be cut durlngﬁﬂe. latter part oi‘ tlie day when ltd‘! free. from dew and nloisture, tor this will save time in curlnil. ll- Ii lnugt ‘be cured without excessive rain or wilting sun to be most pala- table and nutritious. Clover can be tell m the fowls by simply throwing a hunch of tlic hay 0n U16 IIWIWY‘ house floor or in a low rack every tiny m- two, letting the fowls strip off tlie leaves and cat them as tlicy choose. ‘

Another good Wit)‘ is to cut up t.le MOW,- very flue, using about tlie some hulk of cut. clover as of grain‘ corlinlezll, wlienl. ‘IIILWIIHEB 0" whatever is to ‘be fed with it. -I‘llis should be thoroughly scolded and cooked When if is to be led iii tlie morning the nless should be life- i the evening before and ni- lowed to stand in a covered kettle and steam over ﬂlgﬂl- lbmlilil Wm‘ er should be used to nlnkc thc mash moist. if tlie liiasll is to dry as to crumble it is apt to he wast- cd. Clover fed in the fol-lli here out-

woullerful aid to 82f; DYlldW-‘Umi

__..é<—O-}——— FALL CARE FOR BEES.

Begkeepillg has a somewhat dc- finite cycle of activity. KWWIPQEB of the needs and responsibilities of each step is very imiwrﬁﬂli‘ B!“ pecialiy, to the farmer. Aplﬂfl‘ 91"‘ turc will fit very well into 1H8 nluicl-nl zictivities, if lit‘. under- stands how to lnuliage his DBHS "I such a way as to take his actual tiliic and attention when he is ill"- occupied otherwise.

Every colony must have a E9011 queen as soon as possible nitcr the. ilarvcst is completed; Qﬂvﬁ-"B flint have not_ proved entirely sat- isfactory during the honey gather- lug period should lic replaced. The best. authorities contend that

second year. at least, 0n ill" hams that after that time they are nﬂii physicialiy able to do the work ex pcctell ni‘ them and?!‘ Present d" standards.

The new quccn should bc pinc- cd ill the colony at. 1885K ﬂlX weeks byfnre tho end oi‘ the b11101‘ rearing period, which time coinci- des very well with the first frost- This is necessary‘ in order ‘hill the required number (if-young bees will be raised during the fall. it is the fall raised bees that will be. thc real life of the colony the following spring. Bees rcnrcd (luring the. summer ‘become worn- nut so iIlPy cannot withstand wiu~ tcr conditions and give proper ‘W11 port tluring the building lie-I'm‘! "i the next season. lslxlJﬁlilllﬂ-"ls have shown very clearly that quceils introduced into colonies tlurilil: the first hall’ of August get their colonies in better condi- tinn for the winter that do even _yc:lr old quceils.

Ainpir‘ stores of excellent film"- tv are essential at this tiulo. Col- onies shoud be examined thronsh- out. the fall for it is often neces- sary tngivc them additional feed. A colony should never be allowel lo have lcss trnn fifteen pounds of Ilflllﬂy in ihe hive lit. any time. for tinder such circumstances brood rearing mav cease. As the full MI- vatlres, it is necessary to lifetime for thr‘ actual winter period, so b0 certain that ample stores are t0 be fnulni ill every hive.

For best wintering n colony should contain nt least forty-rill" nounds ni‘ sealed honey of first class quality. Often poor ilnney is gathered during the fail and when aver possible such honey, slloultl be. TPHIRCPII with good honey. Nor

day, but how many people there are who forget the fact that the horn of the fond is growing all in?

bvfwmqfiﬁw shntlme, whilst Hi8 ifon shoe is doing em. hive,

should one wait to late in the fall in make certain that the proper kirvl "VH1 amount of honey is in

try to produce eggs and also sliow where the best strains of these breeds can be found. As ‘the birds are all given the same care and attention and a careful record kept of the number by each individual

one can tell t.he value of the strain as well as that of the ill- lIIVIdllBl bird within tlie pen. The pen that is composed of ten good

in every pen

of eggs laid|

producers is nincli more valuable

from tlic breeding than one flint has one or two out- standini; birds, some good produ- corn and three or four poor produ- cers. _ High production coupled with uniformity throughout the pen is the ultimat oblcct of the breeeder of bred to-lay birds way to attain this end is to prac- tice tllclircclilng ofhigll producers Certificates of production are iss- ued to birds ilccording to merit unri by breeding these ft-nlales to ninlcs of desirable breeding tile egg production of tlie flocks should he very material increased The securing of the high produ- cing feliinle is but, the first step in this breeding work. ‘Realizing the need of more advanced wnrk along thc.- line ot‘ poultry breeding the Department of Agriculture is about i0 utidertake the work of issuing Registration certificates to birds of high prod-fiction. The egg laying contests serve as u. medium through which Registrat-

ion cnn be obtained. By breeding mn-ke,‘ {new

males from registered females to

females with official records. that ‘lnn-lnrin H,“ n5. Conn-L They WW3 are registered also, the authorit- (xvgfynvhellgp ‘ca hon" to be able w very erent- new niilk Wlllcii was ready iorsliip ly increase the production of theintent, ‘but v-ilicli wasn't yer ropy.

poultry flocks of Canada.

As iveekly reports 0t‘ the eggs produced by each pen are issued for each contest persons wish to purchase eggs or can tcli at. a glance where the bcst producing strains can be sec- ured. ‘By comparing these reports from year to your any person can pick ollt the breeders who are do- ing consistent breeding work. From breeders who take a high yearly average, oven though they arc not necessarily lending, the person who wishes to purchase good stock can lic almost surc of getting birds ot‘ a good laying laying strain.

Vuriliefs and poultryincn, gen- ‘erally believe that laying liens produce. more eggs when given trcc rouge, Tile provn that. this belief is not well founded. A pen of white leghorns in thc Canadian Coiltest Ill 1920- 21 laid 2.225 eggs mid in the pres- eiit ‘Fanadiau ‘Contest a pen of tlic srlnle breed had laid 1.844 (‘Ens at the end of tlie 37th., week (July 17th). in the British Colum- bin ‘(Yolitest a pen of Barred Ply- nloutli Rocks had 1,868 eggs the clid oi’ tlie 36th.. week. tlie above birds were under strict coilfinllient. IFive birds ill the Can- adian Contest laid everyday dur- ing tlie 9th., four week perlo

the

tlie same period. Thus.

Applications are now being P“

levcd for entries in the next con- is

test. -_>‘ ’i

HEIGHT OF HITCH TO PLOUGH.

A gang plow nearly alway-s pro-

duces n side draft. Many persons have elldclrvoretl to design a meth-l od of hitching four horses abreast‘

in l-‘ucll a igay that the slde-tlraft

would be eliminated and still per-

IIITIII. three queens should be replaced BVQTY mmL

horses to wallk on the Although many people hold a tliifernnt opinion, it is a fact that none ot‘ the, nlllny ingenious con-

traptinns which have been devisedlfcetl for thc one or two days they

for tlie purpose above mentioned has ever succeeded or is li‘kely tn succeed lli overcoming side tllraft. Many of them are so complicated as to nlnike it impossible for anyone ‘but all expert mechanic or mathe- matician to figure out their exact effect. They merely catmouﬁage the real effect ilnd make it appear that ‘they are accomplishing tlie purpose for which they were intended.

The height. at which tlie hitch is applied to the plow is practically as llilportalit, so far as affecting the power rgquired, as is the point of_ hitch on a horizon-tat lilie. Hitch- ing toryhigli throws a great deal of unnecessary weight on the front wheels and has fi. tendency to raise the real plow from the ground. At the same time, too high a hitch frequently adds considernlbly tothe draft and reduces the quality of the work. l-fitching too low throws on- flp the team part of the weight of the plolw which should be carried on the wheels, making it difficult tn keep the plows In tlie ground and at an even depth.

‘it is just. us important to hitch right with the tlractor as with hors- es, for a wrong h-i-tch means wast- ed fuel and unnecessary wear.

i-¢O&-———-

ROPY MILK. ORGANi-SM.

‘Ropy niilk may cause moire trou- ble rthnn enough if it gets well spread in a dairy. “Only a few weeks ngo a large dairyman came to the ‘St-ate College to see if we could give him any help," says a writer in the ‘Dominion League ‘News.

.lt turned out that this dairyman hnd a IOO-cow certiﬁed milk dairy.

assist him, but all had failed. had become so discouraged thathe

He‘

standpoint,

and the only

who l dipper, stock agitators, coolers, (rails and pails

‘Laying Contest

“tnilicatetl process. Anustabled a iil0llI.Il to six weeks ill ad-

‘l

(J1me 13"‘ i‘) JuIY 10ml and meltlie clippers are ilsed almost daily. ‘Vimlmg Mm I“ the Ontario Conlyllllll the cattle are thoroughly wash- lpﬁl “all 23 9555 to he? "m" mhcd with soft soap and wateratleast L33"|once. ing Contests show that tlie birds in in“, the nine w strict confinement can and do pr0- gm“ tlucl‘. eggs in large quantities.

Ibacterla. Those men had sprayed tlie barn, and drains, and the man- ure pile with ii disinfectant, and ‘Ilﬂfl even treated the cow-s‘ udder with formaldehyde which had al- most dtried ii-p tlie cows.

tProfessor Jones know bow impos- lslble it was for sucli methods to have any effect. on the ropy milk .organism because he knew the or- gnnlsms lived in water and not in filill. ' . “fliis ropy milk organism has a stinky outer coat, and it is this sticky material that (ianses tliemil-k to stlrilig ollt lli lollg ropes a foot or lliore ill length.

The organism is found naturally ill marshes or low-lying water. Of- ten it is catrrled nli the hay from these lowlands tn the burn, and then gets illto tlie lnilik. Sometimes it is transferred from the water and mud oi‘ tlie swamps to tlie niilk pail or tlic cow's body. So, the disin- fecting nf tlie manure pile had been of litrlc use. V .

Knowing tlie characteristics of the ropy illilk orgullisnl, tlie I\:‘ofes~ sor asked about tile water s‘l,‘ipiv. iHe was told that it was exception- ally good, and that because of it icing such fine spring water the dairylnzlu was bottling and selling it. lli/hen tile professor suggested that it \\':ls the self-same spring- waier lnigllt be t.he source of the FILIIY niilk organism, the dairylnzin was very much astonished and a little tlouliifud. But the professor went. to the spring, and, as he liwl expel-tell, lie found the little trouble

The next step was to kill all these

He found them in the

Tiic few returned bottles of uiJ niilk were thick and stringy. A can ot‘ crcilnl hall long threads. 'i"lie strainers, thermuniettrs,

liad all been subject lo contamina- tiolt.

Willie Professor Jones looked the situation over the tialrymltn and his men got up steam and soon they were scrubbing down walls with hot wateti- and in a short time all tile smaller pieces of equipment, were thoroughly scolded. The large‘ bottle filler had to be taken apart and tlie cooler had to be dismantled‘ so that they could be placed in the stlﬁlizcr.‘ Aftrlr a siege of careful cleaning. tlie utensils and appara- tus were ill readiness for another day's work.

-i<-Q&--—-

‘POINTS FOR THE PROSPECTIVE EXHIBITOR

‘The fail fair season will soon be on. Tile ilcrds for the major faitrs are already in the burns being fit- ted for the show ring. Sonlebreed- crs of notc make this a very com- The cattle aire

Vance nf the fail‘ flutes and are fed carefully, ‘kept blanketed and cur- ried at frequent intervals. As tlie‘ time for shipping approaches tlie horns are polished and re-polished,

Occasionally oil is rubbed give it a super To tlie ‘practical dairyman all of this may seem foolishness, ‘blit it is necessary if the exhibitor to will ill sarong competition. ‘ldxlillbtlirs at country fairs, however, are too a-pt to go to tllie other ex- treme. ‘We have been ut many fairs where tlie cattle were brought right in ﬁrom tlie pasture with hardly rt decent cleaning. There are ‘a few rules that if followed will enable tlie exilibitor at the country fair to bring his stock out ill a way that. is creditable to him- self and without too -mucli Jabor. ill the ﬁrst place lrll of’ tllecattie illust be ill good ﬂesh. if they tire iilili, leave tllenl at honle. llf it is limcessary to give the cattle dry

are at the fair they should be stabl- ed for a few days previously to be- come accustomed to dry ‘feeding. if changed suddenly just before judg- iuii they will look very gaunt. Both (calves and lllature stock should be tjliotroilghly halter broken. The way ‘all animal stands has a lot to do with the impression that it makes oil the judge. Tile boys will think it fun to halter-break the calves, and the mature stock will require very l‘ittle training to stand on the halter. Good grooming is essential, and we would not advise washing for the small fair. The use of t.he clippers is always advisable. Take off all the long hairs around the udder, and accentuate the millk veins by clipping alongsideofthem lint not on them. ‘Clip the tail above the switch, and along the ‘back if thereby t.he top line can be made to appear straighter. Any appearance of coarseness around the head can be minimized by judi- "Iﬂlls clipping. This is particularly tirue where long hair on the poll Ives a ‘cow n. steery appearance. Just before allowing the cattle should be given aIi they will eat with a fairly heavy feeding of salt. ‘This will make them thirsty enough to take a heavy drink of water to fill out. their middiles. Observance of these few simtple rules would greatly im- Drove the appearance of the dairy cattle at thesmaller fair.

MANURE I8 FARMING FACTOR

In making arrangements to shei- ter cattle, horses, sheep, hogs and Roots do not overlook the fact that the manure will be a factor in farm- Ills next year. Those who ‘nave thin.

suggestion. worth more now than ever before!

had actually sold a few cows think- because crops are worth more.

_"be killed.

‘known as mfkado goods. ‘Different people hnd attempted tolland will see the reason for this|lbeen nverred that the piece de re- Barnyard manure lg sistance oi’ an epicurean dog is a

after he is dead. lt is interesting to read wbout some of these as a few exbracts from a recent issueof the Live Stock Journal will show.

An old horse, that is good for nothing but to be killed is called, in old English usage a "knacker." Sometimes the man who carries on the business of destroying old nags is called a "knacker" also.

‘An English advertisement some time ago called fur "500 knockers, worn out. and fat and ﬁeshy,"‘wliich were meant to be sent to Berlin, where horseﬂesli is a regular coni- modlty, over having been there used for liunian consumption. Tile taste for horse- ﬂesh apparently goes back to tlie times when liorsefiesh broth was used in pagan “sacramentaW rites.

rA description of t-lle last hours of tlie “klinuker” pictures the scene as fol-lows: “A black ‘cap is throwli over the horse's eyes, the knacker mvlngs his axe or inell, and with mic cxlpertly placed blow the zilli- mal collapses and lies in o. heap on the ﬂags of a spacious kitchen, ‘which has a line of ("rappers steam- ing zlgziinst two of its sides. ln a tricc, after ‘ills shoes htrve been jerked off, his feet are hooked up to crossliarsalbove, and two men pounce upon iilln to peel off his

their pets!

8,000 horses a year‘

stallion does not n the iciai stimulation of drills,“ llllil- "l I"! Ntency, ‘neither till remedies" for mares, Miler that they may like. antiseptic '

llilfﬂllgﬂn. overcome acidity or Uni‘- i-act a catsri-bal condition in ‘tlie genital tract.

When intelligent management of breeding animals. insuring, os- pecialiy, a balance between m‘: and exercise, fails, it is problbll that breeding is either structur- aiiy or functionally itnposslbl5.—‘-

From “Productive nuns Husban- dry" by Gsy.

-—--—¢-Q->Z?. FALL 8H EEP MANAOEM ENT

The blacksmith says that the dogs will always pick out tile pal-lugs of the “frog" and will leave the harder portions til‘l tbe last. But the most remarkable use of the hoofs is that recorded of the armour of the ancient Cossack cav- alry. horses and riders being shown in pictures as completely envelop- ed in coats of armour made from horse and hoofs. The uses of horsehair sire ‘too many and varied to be recounted here at present. ———-o0->--—

STERILITV IN HORSES

there be any virtue 'lii"brlie

sterility is the cause of consid- erable loss to horse breeders ann- unliy. Since actual test in the stud is the only means of determ- ining its existence, large prices may be paid for breeding animals \\'IlICIi']..il‘01J8 utterly useless for that purpose. Some knowledge of the causes of sterility may enab- ie the breeder to guard against the purchase of barren animals to prevent it in his breeding stock or to regain tile breeding power of animals in which it is tempor- arlly impaired.

Sterility may be either perman- en or temporary, and involves

Autumn management o; the ﬂock is quitean outstanding pdrt 0f the sheen-raising business. NPR! year's profits will depend lﬂrsly on the care and manage- ment from now until winter.

The lambs must be kept grey. "lg. and t e breeding stock must be thrifty. Ewes in pool- condition in the ‘breeding season will usu ally bring single lambs and havr ‘l smal milk flow On the other hand fat ewes are usually div‘

hide, which is an easy matter, itls said, as it comes of! li‘ke pulling a cloth from a table. ‘The hide is thrown ill a hemp with dozens oi.’ otherg-i; his feet in another heap. ‘in the nlenntinle ‘his bones and_ flesh are boiling, the former for oil,‘ t-be bones afterwards going to be‘ ground for fertilizing or other pur- poses; the flesh ﬁmay ‘be used for dog, hog or cats‘ meat, and the re- sidue made into a paste for chicken food. And so the process goes through its various stages." , ‘Horses of all sorts have to come to this. By accident or other mis- fortune the ﬁnest will ‘meet poor, old, wcirn-out, bone-staring Doibbine. ‘*'l‘llc favorite horse killed at his_ master's death to save him

i l t

froml falling illto cruel hands; U19 P1111- awny horse that run over a. child; tlie brute that has begun to kick and bite; tlie lnildcst-lnannered horse ‘that has merely taken a ‘wrong gait and made his mistress ailgry——till are levelled by the blow of the llllacker." And not a part ofl any is not utilized. Few have any conception of the value of a horse after it gets into the hands of the ‘kn-linker.

At Montfancen may be seen iirom, fifteen to twenty, or often more, horses tied up Ill a row waiting t0‘ Tile animals being kill-l ed and sitinlled, tlie carcase is cut- up \vit-ii lilltcllets and thrown into‘ a huge lnc-tal tuili big elloligh- t0 contain the bodies of several horses, When it is fllll tlie top is ﬁxed on‘ and the xtecni turned into it. After] a. time iI . ‘lid is ‘taken oﬁ’, and it. is foilnd that the flesh is comllleiil-Y ly separated from tlie ‘bones, whiclll are. beautifully white. The bones! are picked and stacked. The ﬁeshj is sliovelletl and spread out to dry.i it soon becomes quite dry,‘ and is

then sacked and carted off to tliejtllem potent to an

chemist, who converts it into prus-l slate of potash and this illto Prus- sian blue. bones is ground into powder for fertilizer.

Tile liitle of the horse is used for a variety of purposes, and the trade in it forms an industry of no mean importance. ‘The uses to which it can be put has increased in vailltc. which depends upon its size and condition. Those hides ilrom animals killed by accident are generally larger and more desirable than those from starved, worn-out individuals. The hide of a well-fed young anilmal weighs from 40th to 45th. Tanners, who receive them from the various points, usually cut tlieill directly across the backbone‘, about 18 inches forward of file root. of tlie tail, dividing the hides int‘o" fronts and butts. ‘The latter are’ tanned scpatrately and ﬁnished af- ter splitting ill the ﬂesh side, and yield three to three and a half pairs‘ of shoe fronts, frequently known as “cordlivanﬂ regarded among the finest in the world. lt is practllwai- ly tlalmp proof. The ﬁneness of lex- tulre. of this cordovtin permits its talking a richer polish than calf, and it will not stretch so m-nch. It is eminently ﬁtted for a gentleman's lightweight. shoe as well ns forliigh- class hunting and wading boots.

‘The fronts of tlie hides are usu- ally converted into glove leather or finished upon the grain side into ‘black shoe leather. Colt-skin gloves, made iirom colt skins from Russia, where thousands of colts used to ‘be killed annually for their skins, were a. novelty at tlie Worlds"l~‘air in Chicago in 1892. They made a soft and beautiful glove, capable of out-wearing ordinary kid or lamb- skin.

‘Horse hides are tanned and cun- ried for wlork collars. ‘The thickest and most substantial leather now in general use is said to be that made from the hides of wild homes found throughout the parmpas ot‘ South America, and employed for the soles of boots and sh‘oes, liar- ness, saddlery and leather trunks, hose for ﬁre engines, pumps, valv- e, military gloves and belts.

Tile waste of the hides, with that of the hnofs, goes to the glue and blue makers. The clippings of old travelling trunks are mixed with the pairings of horse hoofs and the worst kinds of woollen rags, and worked up into an exquisite blue dye, “which graces the dresses of ourcourtly dames," according to Lord Playfair. The hoofs. after be- ing boiled, are shipped to the maxill- fncturers of combs and what are it has

horse-hoof paring, "as any mmgni smith will explain." That 1e one

What remains 0f tlitkve to he. ‘Most stallions

a much higher percentage is main

iary to resort to artificial impreg-

hoth sexes. Permanent sterility is "usually congenital, the result of an incomplete or abnormal devel- onement of the generative organs Temporary sterility is caused by

cult to lzet in lamb and often riv‘ ‘ trouble in lambing. To give effi. lent service. the ram should he "nod thrifty condition.

The flock Bllﬂlllﬁ ‘be careful

injuries or disease affecting the ,, I 59mm] System’ m‘ such genera] VIIIXFIIBdOiEXIiIOOQIeVBfHItIOBﬂd 6w?‘ PWL constitutional conditions as may m. “mam”

adders. and all ewes which have shown themselves indifferent breeders or poor mothers should be discarded To replace those dis- carded. the best ewe lambs should be ‘kept. and because of the ten~ "lency for like to produce ‘like preference should be given to twin lambs and to lambs from ewes which have proved themsel ves good breeders and mothers Tile ram used in the flock should he the best obtainable, and both ram and ewes should be fed liber- ally so that they will be in a thrif fv condition at the time of breed ing.

result from a change of environ- ment, either extreme obesity or general debility, and excessive use. in the stud.

Sterility in the stallion may consist either of an inability or an indisposition to serve a mare, or that operation may be accomp- lished but with no resulting im- nregnation on account of absence of live, vigorous spermatozoa. Sterilitybf the latter class may be complete or only partial, as when the breeding power is im- nniTPfI but not lost. Double cryp- tnrrhids. in which both testicles

‘lli;..l‘ii‘l“ed..li“"°ltilillid lfellft“ Am‘ ‘he bred“; ‘can "c while single crytorchids (rldg- Ewes do m“ require gram “um

three weeks before lambing. i” good clover hay and roots are fed

The destruction of ‘ticks and lice, by dipping the sheep. must ‘by no means be forgotten. This should bs done during the warm weather of early fall .l“or ticks one thorough dipping will be req- uired: for lice at least two must be given at tea day intervals. There are several good dips avail able. The Canadian Co-operative Sheep Breeders Association is an excellent source of supply for these and for all sheep requisitie.‘

The lambs when, weaned can be put on a good pasture, preferably clover, This should -be supplemeli ted by some green feed such as rape. and a grain ration of a quar-

linrzsl’ in which one testicle only is involved, may be sure breeders. The latter are objectionable to sires, however since the condition is frequently transmitted, there- hv seriously complicating tbe up err-Minn of castrntion._

Many instances are reported of tmlyvlorted stallions which have successful stud seasons abroad nmven impotent the first year or two in this country, after u-iiich their potency is regained Stallion remain potent tn an old age as u rule. ‘Many valuable sir- es are sacrificed just as their true worth is beginning to be app- reciated, because they are grow- lnz old. Expcrinced breeders who

‘ .‘ d

‘Gum their provenadigrliid 22,, ter of a pound of grain par day.

and nincli more valuable than It I“ a g°°d Drum” w 196d ‘he

many untried vnunz stallions DTO- young lambs “bemly I“ the“ ‘ ‘ are sold make their most economical

witha guarantee tn get 60 per-cent gums when Ymmg and a lamb

n, breedable mares h, foal’ b," that has bell checked never does

as well as one which has been kept growing.

Success with sheep means care- ful weeding, breeding and feeding and at no time is this more impor tant than in the fall.

The lambs may be weaned ear ly in ‘August. This gives the ew‘ acbance to fest before the breed inlz season. After the lambs have been weaned the ewes should be put out on pasture for a few days to dry up the milk flow. Aft. that they should be put on a p» ture that will keep the “ rather under good store con dition. Three weeks before brecn ‘I18 or about the 10th of Octoh- “ the ewes should be flushed. Til‘- may be done by turning them it" - a good clover aftermath and fr “ ing half a pound of grain per “.- to each ewe. If treated in tn - manner the ewes will be jus~ 1- ‘- sing good store condition ““~‘. bred. ‘if the ewes are treated this way the will breed regum»

and have a ihrger percents:- twliis and a shorter lsmbing l». iod next spring.

The ram should be taken f‘ ‘ ‘ the flock lli August and pat ll» .. fair pasture. About the first October he siioiild be Elven grain ration of about due poun‘? “ "rain preferably oats, each ‘It. The ewes should have their (‘lil- clipped before putting the ran‘. with them. The ram should hr- marked with red ochre on III!‘ breast so that records can be ken‘ 0f the sheep which are bred During the breeding‘ season ti»- ram should 84ft i liberal rrcu‘ ration to keep film in a gem thrifty motldilrifilt.

ll. M. Taylor. B! Its. Fredericton

FINE SOIL FOR ROOT CROPS ‘Do you want long. straight car- rots, pBrIﬂIDI. and llisifyt or crook- ed, forked ones? Ask your wife: she has m peel them. ~Ali these roots have good intestinal: they want to keep strligtt. but they can- not stand mini-Ii nor Withstand temptation. If they strike rocks or clods on ‘tlie in‘ , coma lollies‘ at‘, tittmll, lumps of stable mature soil. they heflll send out branches hi that di tidfl. Dig extra dUODpﬁﬁ-lﬂl "t s soil ﬁne and mellow when these crops w to crow.‘ all?” ‘that qti ma- nure is ﬁnely bit HIM mil "sf ‘oi-titles: that-ohm), mined pl itilo toil, ‘ ' ‘ _ . ~-‘ "v" _

iained by some.

Sterility or barrenness of the more consists of ‘an inability to nrodilce a living colt. She may either be unable to conceive, to carry the fnal the full period of fcofal develnplnent. or to deliver the foal alive at the conclusion 0f gestation. Some mares are so irr- itable or excitable iii the presence of a. stallion as to make it necess-

nation in order to get them bred.

if a twelve or fourteen year old mare has never hadafoaLber gen crative organs have probably undergone more or less atrophy from disuse. and the possibility of getting her foal is much lessen ell, There are numerous instances however of quite old mares hav- ing become pregnant for the first time. ‘Mares frequently suffer from cysts or tumors of the ovar- ies the irritation of which keeps them almost continually in a heat and renders them practially use- less yet they fail to get in foal, when bred. Such mares should be spayed and considered as work gcldings rather than brood mares.

Extensive breeders of imported mares have experinced consider- able difficulty in getting some of them in foal tlie first season of two after-their arrival unles they were in foal when brought over others breed as readily as native mares.

Occasionally a mare is encount- ered which breeds only every oth- er year. Others will not come in season, of‘ at least conceive, while suckling a foal. it is usually more difficult to get mares in foal in the fall than in the spring The age to which mares will con- tinue to breed is variable. but many have remained productive after passing the quarter century mark, Their breeding power dec- lines gradually, being marked by occasional misses. occurring with increased frequency . _

A mare which produces a good foal regularly is bf priceless val- ue ln the breeding stud. When an apparently valuable breeder. al- though not in foal at tlie time, is offered for sale. it is safe to ass- ume that she has proven herself barren or at least a shy breeder ‘unless of course there lire other obviously good reasons to aeolian: for her heinz sold.

Hermanhrodites, individuait in which the sexual organs oi both sexes are more or less com-