MAY 26s 1948

IMPROVEMENT

' THE E0 UCA TIONALHORIZON

‘PRESENTING NEWS ANUVIEWS OI‘ INTEREST TO TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS SEEKlNO

IN EDUCATION

run GUARDIAN,

111a ninth Intorastionel 0011101.’- nps cf American states. opened on Much so in Bogota. the capital of polumbia. Delegates from the 21 republics met to draw up. a charter for the inter-American system. de- [min] its nature and relationship u. the United Nations. One of the most controversial tasks the con- ference planned to undertake was m, ggtempt to reach an agreement on principles»! economic co-opera- tion that would satisfy both the unmd states. chief exporter of ggpital to Iatin America. and the underdeveloped Latin‘ American countries.

1m Latin American countries m1 rightfully that most of their tgoubloa are connected with foreign

bade.

Normal-l! ti!!! I511 l ll!!! FN- portion of their products to Eur- m. They also export a great deal u, the UnlfAd States. but the Unit- ,‘ plates cannot buy much of the “an American beef. wheat or mm because these items would compete with the United States’ products.

when the South Americans can sell much to Europe. they can ob- tgln foreign money with which to buy the manufactured things which they need. The trouble now is that trade with Europe is at a very low point. Europeans need what the

COLOM-BIAN

A short time after the Pan- ‘ -‘ Conference. attended by secretary of State Marphali of the U. S. A. got under way in Bogota. a sudden revolution took place l: that cityJTi-ie peaceful proceedings af the delegations were interrupt- ed by a mob demonstration which caused considerable loss of life and extensive damage to property. A Government communique blamed the revolt on "Communists and disorganized bands." On April 12, Columbia severed diplomatic rela- tions with soviet Russia. The break in diplomatic relations with Moscow followed the arrest of two alleged Russian agents in connec- tion with the uprising in Colum- bia. The delegates cannot be at the mercy of any transitory emer- gency and declared their absolute determination to continue the im- portant work with which the 31 governments have charged them.

US. Secretary of State George Marshall blamed international com- munism for the Colombian revolu- tion which ravaged Bogota and disrupted the Pan-American Con- ference.

n is the isms definite pattern s! occurrence which provoked strikes in France and Italy. and that are endeavouring to prejudice the sit- uation in Italy. W.A.

DESTROYI NG

There are three main reasons for killing or removing bacteria.

They are: (1) to prevent infec- tion of men, animals and plants; (2) to prevent spoilage of food and other commodities; and (a) 1n rs. search. in order that studies oi the Ircwth of one kind of organism in s particular medium or infected animal may not be confused by the imsencc and growth of others at the same time.

There are several substances and hfocedurea involved in accomplish- ing these results. They may be de- fined as follows:

Sterilization. Sierilintion means “l! "twins of any object or sub- stance from all life of any kind. This is accomplished usually by heat but sometimes in special "m- by use of chemicals, X-rays, and radium.

Bactericidcs. Any substance or "em lllllns bacteria is a bacteri- cide or bactericidal agent. The suf- fl‘ ilillf. indicates "killer" and is “"11 fvjlh serm. virus.

D ' . Disinfection. as the "id implies. means the killing or "miwli Only of organisms capable 0i causing infection and does not

hecessaril f . “m, be y rcqu re that all organ

' sooora CONFERENCE

httn Americans have to sell. but they have no money with which to pay for them. Since the Latin Americana cannot sell what they have to money which they need to buy manufactured goods from the United States, great shortages

all Along the line exist. and soar-f

ing prices have caused a sharp rise in the cost of living.

The Latin Americans think that the United States should give large- scale financial assistance to them, as well as to Europe. The United States so far has felt that. it could not afford to help all. that there would not be enough money to go around, and that, in helping Bur- ope. it is helping the Latin Ameri- cans by creating a paying market for their raw material.

The economic and trade problems arenot the sole ones with which the Bogota Conference is concern- ed~. There ls the big problem of Hemisphere defence.

At Rio de Janeiro the Pan-Am- erican nations signed a. treaty which provides that id any of the American nations should be at- tacked. the cthers will come to its defence.

Much of the work being done at Bogota is concerned with the per- faction of the machinery of con- tinental security and the reorgani- zation of the inter-American sys- tem.

REVOLUTION

Premier of fire is John A. Cos- folio.

The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland is Sir Basil Brooke.

Chakravarti Rajagopalacharl has been appointed. Governor-General of India to succeed Earl Mount- batten. The appointment is affec- tive June 21. Lord Mountbatten is the last of the British vlceroys and first governor-general of free India.

President of the Philippines is Bipidio Qulrino.

The Premier of Italy is Alcide de Casperl.

Dr. Jose Arce of Argentine has been elected president of the spec- ial session oi the General was call- ed to discuss the Pa‘ tine situa- tion.

David Ben Gui-ion is the Prime Minister of the new Zionist state of Israel.

A London architect Mr. Berthold Lubetkin has been given the task of designing and building the most modern town in the world. The town. which will be in the north of Britain. will be called Peterlee and will house miners and their families. It will serve as an edu- cational. cultural, social and com- mercial axis for a district inhabited

by 1000.000 people.

BACTERIA

cesscs of disinfection actually ac- complish eterilisation. Disinfection The surgeon and his assistants have sterile instruments. handle them wlth' sterilized gloves, cover the patient with sterile sheets ex- cept for such areas as is necessar- ily uncovered. and wear smriie caps, gowns and masks to prevent infected dust, saliva, perspiration or sput from entering the ster- ile field and possibly infecting the patient. The patients akin cannot be absolutely sterilized without in- ‘jury. but the site of the operation is disinfected as thoroughly as pos- sible by applications of iodine or some other suitable disinfection. is usually accomplished by chemi- cals like carbulfc acid, formalde- hyde. iodine or bichloride of mer- cury. 1n the case of milk. disinfec- tion. but not sterillzanion. is brought about by pasteurization. A disinfectant fa an agent accom- plishing disinfection. The term is often used synonymously with an- tiseptic. Asepsis. Asapsls is the practice of ,' _ infectious bacteria away. but the term ls usually applied to any technique designed to keel- all bacteria out of the fleld of work

L

killed. However many pro- or observation.

TH; FIRST MICROBE Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) .

“will Vin Leeuwenhoek. a lin- "l merchant by trade and a suc- “Wlll Politician as well. He was ll active. intelligent man of public "4 commercial afrsiraln tns my about. ifs was not a trained ‘ entlst but was self-educated. He “unused himself by means of his m“ and craftsmanship in glass

wing. fine metal work and other Lflillltions. He came of a wall-to- millllily and lived in relatively my circumstances with plenty of mini" for his avocatlomof making “lute lenses. With these he ex- !“ ned saliva. Pfillller, cork, the “m! °f Plants. circulating blood m" e tall of a salamander. scrap-

Mm the teeth-and so on. , . m ‘filthy of these he sawliving l urea which we now know were

cteria but which is called “ani- LORD

most important sp- tha work of Pasteur was made in 180'! by . lllrleon Lister. He '35" that wounds become in- Maggi-ins lurlical operations. m m mllifls on Particles of m‘ to ‘Mtrunhgabyagerms cling.

One l ll) Ill-listless of‘ ""1 ‘rvnosu "if English

to skin of atmosphere

malcules." "Animalcule" is a term

which was used by the earlier,

workers to designate any minute plant or animal. '

His interest lay chiefly in his microscopes. however, and only secondarily in what he saw with them. although the latter fascinat- ed them.

Ieeuwershoekh instruments are not true microscopes at. all in the sense in whicl we think of micro- scopes. but rather simple magnify- ing glasses generally consisting of a small, single, biconvex lens. The object, and not the lens, was mov- ed into focus by means of screws. Theman nfatnly reqsonslble for revealing the whole. hitherto un- known and unseen world of bac- teria and other minute plants and animals was the Dutch investigator Leeuwenhoek.

LISTER

lsurglcal appliances sterile and by yantiseptic dressings and

careful technique, completely to prevent the entrance of bacterlyinio sur- gical wounds

l-lis original method of pretent- ing infection during surgical opera- tions was to work in a field and “nucusly wet with

h pwcrator. Obviously. In order, a mist of antiseptic carboiic acid,

revent such wound infections solution

"l! Only

at this time sully‘! of cams-

emanating from a nearby‘

necessary to render all apparatus. - "rigs NATIONAL PfiLltftllfll .

au- John aiisssnsnsia eaw tan

high duties on goods coming into this country. Canadian industries

would be stimulated. home buying

would increase, everyone would lhave work and prosperity would i Acid. a sour material that turns "Iblue litmus paper red. . Fulcrum, the point on which a lever turns or is supported in mov- ing a weight.

Compound. a material made of two or more different elements joined together.

Element. the simplest kind "of material from which other mater- ials are made. Scientists have dis-

Nylon is chemically produced and contains essentially the same elements as silk spun by the silk- worm. The elements are carbon. hydrogen, oxysen and nitrogen and are the same chemical elements as derived from coal. water and air.

Nylon is first formed into icy- wihite ribbons. These ribbons are then broken into little chips. the chips are then melted and the water-clear liquid has the appear- ance of glycerin. This liquid is then forced through tiny nozzles or holes. forming a filament, the size of the‘ filament depending upon the size of the hole through which he liquid is forced. “

These filaments are now stretch-

The first astronomers were lhep- herds who watched their flocks by night. and gazed up into the skies. wondering what all the stars meant.

Thales. one of the seven wise men of Greece. was born in 640 S. C. and died after giving all his life to the problems of nature. He was the first to see that the sun and moon and stars were some- thing more than signals in the sky to mark the ‘operations of demons

draw maps showing the relative positions of the most noticeable stars that we see in the heavens.

After about 400 years. another Greek, I-Iipparohus, summed up the work of all the earlier observers. He made a close study of the heav- ens, and was able. to predict what would happen in the skies. He first brought astronomy to the assist- ance of geography, and made maps

He was the greatest of all an- cient astronomers, for his observa- tions enabled him lo write with skillabout the sun and moon and planets, and to fix their movements with accuracy.

The next famous star gazer was Ptolemy an Egyptian mathematic- ian who did perhapa more harm than good.

I-Ie discovered important changes in the course of the moon, ano he found that light from a distant. star, on entering a thicker atmos- pher is refracted. on turned aside from its path.

The mischief that Ptolemy did was to declare that the earth ex- ists as a fixed body in the centre of the universe and that the heav- ens revolve round it every twenty- four hours.

The modern history of astronomy dawned with Nicholas Copernicus, who was born at Thorn in Prus- sian Poland in 1473 and died in i543. The son of a merchant, Cop- ernicus had an uncle who was a bishop, who, after the death of the boy's father. had him educated as a doc-tor and a priest.

He read all he could of the old writers on astronomy. and his clear mind saw that there was some- thing wrong in (he conclusions Ptolemy had ruched.

He saw that the sun does not go xound the earth. but that the earth and other planets go round the sun. Copernicus-wrote a book

As a result of the fall sessions at Paris of the sixteen needy West- ern European nations, there emer- ged a report of the conference for European Economics Co-operatfon. This report was nothing less than an appeal to the people and 0on- gress of America to carry through ‘he already-initiated Marshall pro- gram. the plan. if fulfilled. will re- quire roughly twenty billions of ‘dollars to be divided over a tour- ‘ year period. ‘ ~

Such an appeal was in order con- sidering that the European economy was crippled as soon as raw ma- terial from the East and the manu- faciured goods from the West ceas- ed to move freely over the newly- created political border. The West- ern European countries however, have been hardest hit and. because of the lack of food and agricultur- al produce. they have to secure those goods from the North Ameri- can continent.

Marehall believes that it is

l. Coniferous cone-bearing (soft- woods), remain green all the year (evergreens): pine, fir, balsam, larch. hemlock, spruce. Best fox building purposes because (i) cheaper. (2) easier to work. (3) withstands weather.

2. Deciduous (hardwoods), loose leaves in the fall: elm, maple. oak

lle established law and ordei in England. Ireland and Scotland.‘ ruled despctlcally with aid of the army but for the welfare of all; England more respected on contin- ent than since the time of liiisa- beth; trade and commerce prosper-

NYLON FIS

and Gods. and he was the first to .

“a i TREES

be assured for all. The policy seemed so feasible that MacDon- ald easily won the election of that year. Sir Le ‘ Tilley introduc- ed in the next year the protec- tive tariff on the National Policy.

sciéncs wosos

covered 96 different elements.

Alnico ‘. s. magnet made of aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron. 1t will pick up things that are heavier than it is.

Aquarium. a tank or glass bowl where fish, ‘other water animals. and wa/ter plants are kept.

Petrl dish, a glass dish with a tight cover in which bacteria and other tiny plants are grown.

HING LINE

ed, and this stretching places the molecules in parallel. chain-like formation, and brings them close together, creating a powerful inter- molecular attraction. What causes this attraction is not known, but it is the same force that holds all substance together, and from this force nylon gains its strength. I-ieretofore the materials most com- monly used have been available only from foreign sources of sup- ply. Probably one of the best known materials has been Spanish gut. which is taken from silkworms grown in Spain. After silkworms have reached their growth. they are killed by pliwlng them in vine- gar.

THE FIRST ASTRONOMERS

to prove his theory.

Tycho Brahe, Dane. who was born at Knudstrup. in Sweden, when that town belonged to Den- mark, in 1546 and died at Prague in 1601. Some boys have to strug- gle against poverty when learning, but Brala had to struggle against riches.

His parents were distinguished people. and they hated the thought of their son's studying for the love of learning.

msparentasanthimtoauni- varsity that he might study law as his profession.

With his pocket money he bought a. globe. but his tutor forbade him to use it.

It was impossible to suppress his interest in the stars, and through his bed-room window, with a pair of compasses as his only scientific instrumcn he pursued his obser- vations an discovered errors in the calculations of the most fam- ous astronomers.

He became famous as an astron- omer and when he was thirty his work attracted the notice of the king of Denmark, who gave him a pension and built him the finest observatory that the world had seen up to that time. Here for 20 years Tycho Brahe worked at the task he loved. He studied the works of Copernicus and improved upon them.

He discovered new laws govern- ing the motion of the moon. After hla friend the king died he was compelled to leave the scene oi all his labours and go to Prague.

Here he met the great German astronomer, John Kepler who was born in Wurtlemberg in December, 157i. and died at Ratisbon in r1630.

Brahe taught Kepler all ha could. and at his dvlih left him all his papers and instruments.

He discovered the laws which en- able us to tell the place of any planet in its orbit at any time past or pruent, and Kepler's laws became the foundation of s. new astronomy studied on scientific lines.

Thereafter the men who gazed at the skies were to have at their

command an aid that Copernicu! and Tycho Brahe and Kepler had never dreamed of. With Galileo was to come a new power for men's eyes —the telescope.

THE MARSHALL PLAN

determined campaign which has for its purpose world stability, a condition necessary for world peace“ and because of the econ- omic stabllity of Europe is essen- tial to the political stability of Eu

109E.

The United, States responded heartily to the report when a spec- ial session was called in mid-No- vember to cope with the peril of starvation in Europe.

Whereas the United States will be unable to supply all the goods required, it is very likely that we. Canadians, will have an opportun- ity to supply the bread grains and other goods. Purchases in Canada would be paid in American funds. ‘thereby building up our country's supply of American currency.

The American Congress last No- vember approved relief aid totalung nearly 36011000000 to France. Italy, and Austria. to be spent largely for food, grain, fuel. and medical care.

chestnut. etc. Best for furniture, inside trim. Fine finish.

Use cf trees: Homes for" birds and game; paper; beautification; building purposes; furniture; tar; pitch; turpentine; protection a-

gainst winds and floods: to con- serve moisture.

RESULTS or CROMWELIJS nuts

ed greatly; by Navigation Act he greatly promoted carrying of goods in British ships: although on whole hb rule was beneficial yet in ire- land be did great harm and ser- ious consequences developed in

later years.

GOOD POSTURE

‘Proved. Temperance Reading, Mrs,

Cl-IARLOTTETOWN

Imus-sacs of hiring energy. alle- naas and lalf-rsQect. efthassgood effectonpaygt. cal health-bones, muscles and in- ternal organs are all held in their correct places and are therefore able to develop as they should.

s, 1t has s good effect on mental health-it helps to develop a sense of ease and Wise through confl- dcnce in being able to handle your body at all time.

What are the causes cf poor pos- titre‘!

1. Paulty or poor nutrition-weak bones and muscles.

2. Poor mental health - wrong attitudes. '

8. Poor habits of standing, alt. ting. lying. walking: of always 03117111‘ books. fiowspaperl or par- cels on the same aide.

4. Poorly fitted clothes - pg. ticularly shoes.

6. Unsuitable furniture —chairs or desks not the right height.

6. Physical defects.

‘I. Occupations.

S. Disease or illness.

o O O

Taken from “Your Health and Safety"

PAGE THIRTEEN

i. What hair. fingernails and toenails are-composed of. ' -

4. Sands should be driedtbor- oughly after washing to prevent ..._... . _

l. ‘use appearance of the skin. '

l. A disease of the scalp.

'I."I'he top layer of the skin.

8.. The coloring matter in the dermis.

e. Waabinl your hair with scep and water.

lmflairgrewsoutof the__ cells. '

(a) epidermis, (b) pigment. (e) dandruff, (d) keratin. (e) complex-

ion. (f) ‘ ' . (g) shampoo (h) epithelial. (i) blackheads. (j) chap- bina. - . ‘ Departmsse h easi-

_ an’ Iedesalicss. Coats-motions are welcomed

lflllar lady ~ Ill- llllg Bl-Fgllltlllitlgtdufgs.

Matching Game-Hygiene. Unit VI

BALTIC SCHOOL

Report for month of April. _

Grads X: 1. Jean Hunter.

Grade IX; 1. Verna Bernard.

Grade VIII: 1, I-larry Wall; Earith Holmes.

Grade VII: 1. George Riley.

Grade V1: 1. Frances Davison; ii, Freida Holmes.

Grade V: 1. Mary Hunter; 2. mward Champion.

Grade III: 1. Margaret Orofer: 2, Neil Matthews.

Grade II: 1. Marjory Riley and John Davlson (equal); 2. Stacey MacKenzie; 3. Jimmie Cousins.

Grade I (S22): 1. Mary Matthews.

Grads I (Jr.): 1. Roger Cousins and Jimmie Orofer (equal); I, John Crofer.

Perfect Attendance - Frances Duvlson, Mary Hunter, Margaret Crofer. Jinutnie Cousins and Roger Cousins.

Highest. Average in Grades, Jean Hunter, 86$.

Highest Average in minior Grades: John Davison and ,Mc.ri- ory Riley. 91 .

Mar aret B. Cousins. Teacher.