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"Constitutional Changes

Are we now to have a series of moves by the provinces to gain more constitutional power at the expense of the central authority? This is predicted by an Ottawa cor- respondent of the Financial Times of Canada as an almost inevitable re- sult of the decision to make the Canadian constitution amendable in Last week’s federal- provincial conference, which ap- proved the transfer, also agreed to a provision which could be inter- preted in this light.

This part of the formula pro- vides, “that the government of Can- ada and the governments of the provinces would from time to time study in the light of experience the working of the Canadian constitu- tion and any revision proposed which may be submitted by any of the provinces.”

Predictably, Quebec will take the lead in this when a special commit- tee of the legislature set up to study the constitution reports in a few months time. Its recommendations will likely include changes to pro- vide increased power to enable Que- bec to conduct its own affairs, par- ticularly in matters of trade; an end to the federal veto over provin- cial legislation, and more control over fiscal and monetary policies which has been a favorite theme of Quebec Revenue Minister Eric Kier- ans.

. Under the amending formula agreed to at the conference, such basic changes would require the un- ahimous support of all the provin- ces. But according to the Financial Times writer, this might not be as hard to get as it looks on the sur- face, since every province will prob- ably have a. constitutional axe to grind. Each of them, informally at least, is prepared to start studies to see what changes would be in its interests.

Any major change would have to be the result of bargaining among the provinces before the federal government is approached. The re- port of the Quebec committee will probably form the basis of such bargaining within a year.

In the circumstances, perhaps it is as well that we are not just one province in this Atlantic region—as Atlantic Union advocates would have us be—but four provinces with four voices to be heard at the bar- gaining table. It would be a poor time. surely, to think of throwing away whatever safeguard the form- ula provides for us in this regard.

Those Political Crowds

. Remember the controversy here some years ago about the size of the crowd that turned out to hear Prime Minister Diefenbaker deliver a po- litical speech? Party stalwarts esti- mated it at one figure, traffic police at another, newsmen at still an- other, and the argument was never patistfactorily settled. The same thing, we note, is taking place in the U.S. campaign, where there are as many estimates of crowds at political meetings as there are al- leged experts to make them. ‘ As Senator Goldwater whistle stops through the country, police, politicians and newsmen at h, atop estimate his crowds and fiampere them with crowds which Richard Nixon four years i . The partisan politicians guess .-the police fall in the middle and ' " newsman stay on the low side. V same sort of estimates are _ when President Johnson ‘ ; an appearance. or either of H Weiss-presidential candidates.

eel

The same thing went on tn the 1960 campaign. On that occasion, recalls the Milwaukee Nixon appeared in Milwaukee before a crowd which Republican leaders estimated at 12,000, police estimat- ed at 8.000, and newsmen at 5,000. The Journal enlarged a photograph of the crowd and counted it. The total was 2.400. Allowing for a gen- erous addition of persons who might have been hidden by other persons, the crowd could not pos- sibly have been bigger than 3.000.

Again. the New York Times is quoted as recalling a ticker tape parade which welcomed the hero of Corregidor, General Wainwright, in 1945. The crowd that turned out was variously estimated at 4 million and 6 million persons—and the po- lice said it was the lower figure. Mathematicians got to work. The parade went from Bowling Green park to the city hall, a distance of 3,618 feet. Doubling that to allow for two sides of the street and mul- tiplying it by 19—the total number of feet in sidewalk width—gave 137,484 square feet.

Allowing two square feet per person, this amounted to 70,000 per- sons. Allowing a generous count for the number of persons who hung out of windows and the total crowd could not have exceeded 250,000.

So, concludes our Milwaukee contemporary, “when someone esti- mates a crowd for you, take it with many grains of salt, especially if it is an estimate by an interested pol- itician.” As if we didn’t know!

Explosrve Issue

Parliament will soon be required to pass new amendments to the Railway Act, to permit the orderly abandonment of uneconomic branch lines in accord with the recommen- dations of the MacPherson Royal Commission on Transportation. There are some 3,797 miles of branch lines which the railways want to abandon, and the great bulk of them (3,507 miles) are in the three Prairie provinces.

Under the new arrangement, the abandonment process will not be in the hands of the Board of Trans- port Commissioners, as in the past, but of a yet-to-be-established Branch Line Rationalization Author- ity which comes under the Minister of Agriculture. After this author- ity has had a chance to examine the situation it will begin sending the abandonment applications back to the board for cost studies. This means, in the words of a Financial Post article on the subject, that it will be up to the board to ensure that the railways have used sound accounting procedures in arriving at their loss estimates.

It will be important, for instance, to make certain that the railways haven’t unfairly burdened one line with too large a. share of the sys- tem’s costs, just to make a better case for closing it down. Assuming the board finds the railways have played the game according to the rules, an abandonment application will go back to the rationalization authorities carrying its endorsement that the cost techniques used were sound. Then it will be up to the new authority to make the decis- 1011.

It is emphasized that where

branch-lines abandonment causes real hardship, the legislation allows stage-by-stage postponement up to 15 years. And it is argued that in many cases, abandonment won’t cause even minor inconveniences, for most Western farmers haul their grain in trucks over all-weather roads.

That’s not what the Western members will be saying in Parlia- ment when the measure comes up, however. They're mostly Conser- vatives, and this is Liberal legisla- tion. It’s likely to prove a more explosive issue than the flag con- troversy itself.

EDITORIAL NOTES

The native Indian population of Canada increased from 155,000 in 1951 to 195,000 in 1963; about 145,- 000 persons live on the 9,215 square miles of land held as Indian reserves.

O

Automation may be just; around the corner, but meantime we note that the computers 'working for Britain’s two television networks had a hard time predicting the elec- tion results, while the public opinion polls used by two British newspap-

er fared exceptionally well.

Journal, -

THE OLD GREY MARE

BRITISH COMMENTARY Differing Concepts Of Non-Alignment

BY United Kin

It is not easy at first sight to reconcile some of the points in the final communique of the re- cent conference at Cairo with the concept of non-alignment which brought the forty-seven nations together there. The mat- ter is easier to understand, how- ever, if the document is looked at. in the light of what could be agreed upon by a group of countries with widely differing concepts of what non-alignment

For among the "non-aligned nations" at Cairo there were those who were genuinely non- aligned between the West and the Communist forces — and hose who were not. Among these last there were the parti- sans of Moscow and the parti- sans of Peking.

There were also the differ- ences of. viewpqinL;_ between those who had their own special interests to pursue

Given this ests, it must have been a great relief for the un-aligned leaders to find specific demands on which all could safely unite, and which would produce the right sort of emotions in all. Charges against Britain and the United States provided just this sort of common ground: and those who made them no doubt felt they could count on almost unlimited tolerance and understanding from the Western powers. VERY REAL EFFORT

Yet the Cairo Conference was far more than a display of anti- imperialist, anti-coloniallst emo~ tion. It is clear that during the meeting there was a very real effort by the wiser. more far- seeing leaders to turn the eyes and energies of the non-aligned nations towards the fundamen- tal and urgent needs and dan- gers ahead of them.

These men know that simple "anti-colonialism" is not enough and is, in any case. a dwindling cause: the non-aligned count- ries have a much more import- ant and constructive part to play in the world, today and in the future.

The crux of the conference was. therefore, the argument between these truly non-aligned

leaders - in particular Mr. Shastri of India — and those others, notably President S -

karno, who follow the Peking line of giving priority to the so- called anti-imperialist struggle, waged by force without limit.

Naturally. there was no clear- cut decision between the two groups. The final declaration was a document full of ingen- ious compromise. But through- out, the influence of the genuine ly non-aligned group is clear.

In particular. It can be seen in the stress laid on two themes peaceful coexistence and the economic needs of the develop- ing countries.

Peaceful coexistence fs defin- ed in some depth. The declare- tion says it is the only way to strengthen world peace, and that (as Mr. Khrushchev has so often said) co-exlstence between states with differing social and political systems is both possi- ble and necessary. INDIVISIBLE WHOLE

Moreover, the policy of active peaceful coexistence is an indi- vlsible whole. It cannot be ap- plied partially, tn accordance with “special interests and cri- terie". States must abstain from all use or threat of fem-e against the territorial integrity and political‘lndependence of other states: the established frontiers of states shall be to- violable.

Frontier disputes — and all international disputes ,- shall be settled by peaceful means. Every state must abstain inter-terms in the affairs of other states, it openly or by subversion or pressure.

In all this, there is little lease the extremists or the fol- awera of the Peklnt line. The communique contains or im- plied powerful condemnstlou of China’s seizure of Indian tar-rt-

diversity of inter-_

Elisabeth Barker

tory. It provides no excuse for President Sukarno‘s “Crush Ma~ laysia" campaign.

Again, the declaration gives little encouragement to the ex- tremists in what it has to say about “foreign military bases". Although bases in general are obviously regarded as distaste- ful. it is only those bases which are maintained “against the expressed will" of the country concerned which are condemn- ed as a threat to peace. The mo- derate wording of this passage

gdom Information Service

was the achievement of Nigeria. On economic development,

the Cairo Conference made series of constructive sugges- tions —- for instance, for region- 81 cooperation to promote an in- crease in exports from develop- ing countries, for expansion of trade between these countries, and for action to increase their foreign exchange earnings and to secure access to industrializ- ed countries for their primary products.

No Place For Politics

Guelph Mercury

Three- quarters of the CNR's directors have come to the end of the three-year terms which they were appointed by the former Conservative gov- ernment. The word is that most of the nine will be replaced by new men. Presumably their suc- cessors will be Liberals to whom the party in power owes favors Two more run out of time in a year; the twelfth is Donald Gordon, in his role as chairman.

Possibly it is too much to ex- pect. but most electors would probably agree that the CN R board should be removed from politics and that its members should be chosen for qualifica- tions rather than political bias. CNR directorships are not the fat plums for the Senate.

They pay $5,000 a year plus travelling expenses. To at least

re 0

some of the directors the stipen- ed is a negligible and probably heavily taxable addition to their private incomes.

Tha oes not alter the un- healthy situation in which one of the nation's largest enter- prises has as its directors groups which change with the elections. It is wrong, that is. unless the CNR directors are figureheads with no real author- ity, in which case no directors at all are needed.

At least some of the nine whose terms have ended are not. however. the stamp of men to accept the posts without seek— ing to apply in the public inter- est the managerial experience they have acquired in private business. In any case. the gov- ernment should soon clear the air.

Dismissal By Plotoons

In the process of reducing Canadian Forces Headquarter: o ranks from brigadier to major or the equivalent will be casual-

'by one-third, 122 officers

:3 f0

5. But the victims have not been

named. The first letters to offic- ers prematurely retired will go

out about November 1. There will then be a pause until about February 1, 1965, when he batch will be given their walk- ing orders. The third group will learn they must quit the service through letters sent to them about May 1 next year.

Is this the best the forces can do for officers whose "loyalty, efficiency and faithful service" 'sed by Defence Minister

This arrangement ensures that an officer can spend up six months in suspense, uncertain whether he will be kept on duty. Be reads Mr. Hellyer’s assuran- ce that good careers will contin- ue to be available to those who remain in fine services and this

makes it easier for him to se- fuse whatever offers of civilian employment may come to him. Then, one morning, he has a lat- ter saying he has three months or a little more in which to get out and find something else to do.

The military mind surely can find some way of letting indivi- dual officers know, as soon as it is established that their proa- pects of future employment are poor. These men should be on the lookout for civilian work, and begin thinking about where they want to stay. whether the house should be sold and when the children would do best in school. The letter of compul- sory retirement would not than be so unkind.

This firing by platoons, ad- vancing by in three stages, is tidy, drill- square stuff but it woul be more impressive if adequate thought for the Inter. eats of disappointed, . cad

men were to evidence.

Supervision Invasion Lem FM PHI.

Does an employer have the right to spy on his employees, and if so, to what extent is such snooping justified? In an see of fake mirrors, longdtstauoe len- ses. and microphones tiny enough to be concealed in a ct: arctic pack. every one of us may be under scrutiny day and night. Privacy is becoming al- most a luxury.

Members of the National em- ployees Association are asking the Post Office Department to remove peepholes from post of- ftce washrooms, arguing these "lower a postal employee to the level of a prison inmate and remove the last veatlge or his dignity." ,

It is no secret that most post offices have observation ulter- fee from which met] setters are watched. Employees of the m ta] service know this. and any one who be fed ‘0 fflcb a letter ellse that there's not and: chance of doing so ea-

detectad. It cannot be a pleasant working atmosphere. but such conditions were accepted at the outset as necessary for the san- ctfty of the mall.

Whether such surveillance should be extended even to

II mime. N that the privacy of a was could afford the dishonest verb ertheveryplaee he needs to commit a theft.

Noone candeflnetbepotnt at which supervision becomes invasion prlv About

Viral Agents And Leukemia

By Dr. Theodore R. VanDellen An ell-out attack on leuke- mia is underway. Interest in the disease expended considerably with evidence .of the existen- ce of e leukemia virus. Every- one waute to get on the band- wagon, including the Nations Institutes of Health, which is ex- pec to accelerate its re set-ads program to capitalize on the newer knowledge.

Virus - like agents have been isolated from to to 25 victims of different types of leuke mi 8 . They were not found in 13 pa- tients with or disco 3 e s. Through the electron micro- scope. the particles were de- tected in the involved cells by Dr. G. Negroni and colleagues at the Imperial cancer research fund laboratories, England. These rose

passengers. having nodding to do with the cause, or the driver — at is, the prime cause of leukemia.

Dr. illlam H. Murphy and associates at the University of Michigan also have isolated viral agents from the bone mar- row of 12 to 26 leukemic chil- dren but none was recovered from 14 leukemic adults or from

13 adult control subjects. The scientists/went a step fur- ther: They injected into

the virus - like agents taken from sick youngsters. induc- ing a fatal leukemoid disease in these animals.

The researchers were cau- ioua in coming to definite con- clusions, according to a re- port in the Medical Tribune. They la ck definite proof that the agents are viruses, even though they demonstrated many virus-like properties. In addit- ion, the disease induced in mice was not exactly leukemia but the next thing to it, which is why it was called a leukemoid

ease.

Experiments on human vol- u tears may not be necessary to determine whether leukemia is brought on by a virus. Cells grown in test tubes have been transformed into tumors with other viru s e s . Furthermore. blood studies have shown that some animals develop protect- ive antibodies against certain types of tumor cells, lnclud i n g the viral agents used in these studies.

Today’s Health Hint-

Smoking is concentrated air pollution.

A Concession To Peking?

By Joseph Mecfiween

Canadian Press

to Western draw some form of relief from Leonid Brezhnev's first major policy speech. While indicating a desire to repalrlthe torn relationship between Soviet Union China, th speech placed strong emphasis on peace with the West, along the lines set out by the deposed Nikita Khrushchev.

But there are elements in the Moscow situation which puzzle Western authorities and give rise to new concern about the hidden turbulence in the Krem- lin and its impact on the world's quest for peace. ,

Historical sequence would in- dicate a dual leadership in the Kremlin does but long and is in effect a cover-up for a con- tinuing struggle with the emer- gence of a slnrle strong men as the dominant figure-in Commu- nist power.

WOULD SHOW CAUTION Whether that man is Brezh- nev. the new Communist party leader. or Alexei Kosyeln, the new premier. may make little difference to the West. Both ap- pear to be of the kindvtha might be willing to follow the ace or tion ould

e.

P at least show extreme can in igniting bonfires that c lead to a nuclear holocaust. The concern is that there may be a third force lur - ing in the Kremlin shadows, an unknown force waiting for the ’roper moment to play one group against the other in or- der to attain the seat of power. In such a struggle. strength may depend to some extent on how much support the various adversaries receive from Pe-