HASZARIYS

GAZE'l"I‘E, OCTOBER 29.

....-‘nay 3

vv-new

(Oorrsrpoivdriics of tie London 3 Sept. 22d.

T0 AMERICA BY THE 8'l‘._ I.A\\'Rl~JNCI-I, AND CANADIAN TRADE.

Siii.—llaving noticed in 'our issue of the 12th inst. an article from the Morilreal HIM/41 in reference to the mail steam service between Liverpool and North America, and its inﬂuence on Canadian trade, I shall feel obliged for space in your columns brieﬂy to ndyert to the same subyect, which at proseutis exciting much attention in Canada. and cannot be a matter of indiﬂerence to the Government and people of this country.

'l‘he question is, shall the trade ofCanada and of the Western States of America ﬂow through American channels of conimunication between the ocean and the interior, or shall that trade pass through Caruidian channels‘ I shall attempt to show that. by the present large subsidy given by the ritish Government for the ocean mail service to Halifax. Boston, and New York, while no aid whatever is given to ocean steamers by the St. Lawrence, a great in- jury is inﬂictcd oti Canada, and an inﬂuence thereby created which tends powerfully to at- tract uiid has attracted trade to the Atlantic ports of the United States; that the mails can now be delivered, not only in Canada. butin all parts of the United States in less time through the route of the St. Lawrence during the period of navigation, and in winter to Port- land until St. John's. New Brunswick, or llali- far is connected to Maine by Railway.

That I may be better understood, and the position of tlanada in relation to this question more clearly dcﬁned,l would sttte,that after the repeal of the differential duties in 1840 in favor of colonial agricultural products, Canada_ had no more advantage in the markets of Britain than the United States or any other foreign country; and it soon became evident, thatt c trade which had been forced to Quebec and Montreal through the inﬂuence of these differ- ential duties could iiot be retained, unless the cost of transport from the interior of Canada and the States to Britain was as low by the St.

Lawrence as through United States’ routes. That Canada was not prepared for this con-, test with the adjoining Suites in 18-16 will be readily admitted, when it is considered that in 5 that your iind for some years before. both llos- , ton and New York were connected by various; lines of railway with l.:il:c trio at Buffalo, while at the same time the only r:iilw:i_v then existing in British .-liiieric.i v\.i.~ l~l mil.-s in‘ Lower Canada. The carols ol New York (lull-I meeting the Lakes “ntiirio and lirio with ti o; lludson river had be ii then in operation for! 22 years. while the c.-iiiuls on the bi. l..'.l\\'l‘\.'ll('t¥l were oril_v opened in 15-19. ;

_f_'_~_f_' lb-3 gr_i_rinected by railroad with the Upper Lukes.l

and the network of railways in the United States as far south as Now Orleans. and west as far as the Missouri river. Navigation for the lat st class of tcsscls from seat has been rendere practicable be far as Montreal. is oint 100 uiilcs nearer interior lake navigation than any other point on the continent Light- houses linve been built in the gulf of the St. Lawrence. and ii lino of screw-steain vessels has been established at an annual cost to the province of .f.'2-l,0tl0, for E fortiii htly line to the St. Lawrence l'or sevcri moutis, and for ﬁve months to Portland--the Atlantic torniinus of the Grand Trunk Railway. This line of steam-vessels has been eminently successful in emoiistrutiug the rent value of the St. Daw- rence route, and is though the ships are not equal in size or speed to the vessels of the lines running to New York and Boston. yet the mails between ("snails and Britain since these vessels cominem-ed running have been delivered earlier than the mails eoniin,-, through the Uni- ted States. Triide is also increasing. The Board of Trade of Montreal in presenting a memorial to his Excellency the Governo:-Gene- rat on the 22nd ult , say :—“ That the advan- tages arising from the estiihlislinient of direct communication by steam between this country and England, already ap arcnt in the marked increase ofexports from t to St Lowrence,in the partial restoration to our own channels of the import trade, which of late years has‘ sought American routes. and in the earlier receipt of European intelligence, would be greatly an - mented by the formation of a weekly line ’ ut however successful the line has been in demonstrating the shortness of the route by the St. Lawrence, I regret to sit ,it has not been so to the contractors; an with their subsidy of £24000 from true Province of Cana- da they are at the mercy and can he run oh‘ at the pleasure of the contractors. who receive £186,000 sterling from the British (-‘overnment and $805,000 from the Ainoriciin Government.

0f the £790,735 annually paid for the mail steam-packet service to the various colonies, Canada, the most magniﬁcent of the whole, not; only receives no part of this enormous amount,‘ but the inﬂuence and weight of the British Go-l vernmr-ot are thrown into the scale against (‘unad-.i by ii. subsidy of £l8ti,00ll sterling. the l i-ll:-ct ol' whicl. is to lead “ llritisli and llritish‘ Pwlxillltil cominerco captive into r\lltel’lC1lll' ports.’

l shall now sliow that. with vest-ls of equal; speed to tlm--~ riiniiing to New York and lios-‘, ton, the iniiils betwceii llritiiiii and tiny port} ol the United States can be delivered in less lllnt: by the St. l.:iwi-..-nce during nuvig-.ition,‘; iitol in winter by t‘.-3 way of l'ortluiid.

A t‘tll‘t‘llll t‘Xi\lll:l‘illlUII of the matter will dc-; inoi -triitt-, I‘ iit in order to secure the most rriy ill di-l.\. ry of the mails lN‘lWt"t‘ll any part

Cm--imstances are cloiiig»-d, and the Catititllnnl niiblic and press will be deemed right in dcinsrid-, iog of the Government on iliis sid-',eitlii-r that the subsidy for uitiil steaincrs to America be entirely withdrawn, leaving Canada to contend with the llﬂllrll States only ; or. ifit is still deem--d tie- ces~‘arv to subsidize a line of steamers to Boston and New York for the advantages of United States‘ commerce. tlien, it is only fair and just that sri equal amount should be allotted by the British Gorerniiieul for ocean mail service to llritisli North Auieiicii; by which Ineiins, the su sady could be so disirihuird as iioi only to have a weekly line ofsteiiniers to Queho-c during naviga- tion, and to Portland in winter, of £0t'l| ii size and speed as to be able successfully to compete wiili other lines, but ii line could be cstailtllllletl to sail direct from England touching at theiport nearest to Anierica for mails. to St. Juhii’s New-foinidlsnd thence to Halifax. in Nova Scotiu (with a branch line to l’riiice lfidwartl lslant‘|,) and thence to St. John, New Brunswick. and Portland. li vvoiild then remain matter of airiingeiiieut llllltllul the several provinces. to what extent they them- selves would contribute a suﬁicicnt amount to have either a weekly or a fortnightly lino.

Surely some such alteration of the arrangements for or-.r-an nuul service to rth America is re quired. lt is manitesily unjust to the lltitish provinces geiierally, and psrticulrirly niifair to to have tliings remain as at present. To the Ca- nadiiins it is a matter ofthe most vital impor- tance. They have invested upwards of£l0.ft00, 000 sterling in canal, railroads. &c., upon the value of which (as I think l have already shown) the subsidy, as now given for the ocean mail ser- vice to North America, has a direct hearing. The Canadians ask for nothing which will tint promote prtieral and commercial interests ol' this country—thi-y have difficulties of some magnitude to siirinniint In contending with their Anierjcan neighbours; lint they are in no way afraid. nor shrink from the contest. All they ask is fair play and, that the mother countr_v. in her arrange- Illetlls for the llllpelllll postal service, shall intln-.i no injury, if it is not in her power to afford her assistance.

JOHN Youso. late (‘hit-f Comiiiissioner of Public \\ «irks in (':iiinrl:i, and at the pre- sent M. l’. l’. for the city of M-iiilreail.

Loiidoii, lltitisli lloiel, Supt. I6.

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>_ l Allrll-3Rl(.'AN BOOK CRAFT. l " Forty years ago, three men, by liund-work, I could scarcely iiiuiiufiicture 4.000 siiiiill slicots l of paper it day, while now they can ]irt)tlllt,'0i t’-(l,t|0il in the some time lt liiis hi-cu calcu- latrd that if the paper pi'oilucod yearly by six’ llltll'l'.lll08 coiil be put togctlicr, the Sllccli would encircle the world. l Nowlu-re is paper so ltIll(‘lt used as in ll 0' United States In l-‘runes, with 35,t)t)0,tltl0of'*, iiiloihitiiiits. only f.2(I,t'i:0 ions are pl'odui-cdl

Thg ,\.n-Ll. An,“-i,-,,,, ,,,y,,| "Mil ,.ye,u.,pyg"iif .\lll('l‘lt':l and Great Britaiiii, the voyage of, yoiirly, ofwliit-li Ull(‘-.\‘(‘\'i.'llllI is for t‘X|it)l‘lttllt)li.l

were esniblislicd in lt<il‘.),iiiid till lo‘-lti ran tort- niglitly to Halifax and llostoii. 'le siinic steamers now l'orin it we-ekly line to lltIlllil.\' and Boston and direct to New Yorlr at an un- nual cost to the British Gov.-rnment of.t.‘]8t3,0oo stcrlio : but in no iustance.are the mails or freight destined for Canada landed at Halifax, hat or either Boston or New York, and are carried to their destination through American territory and b American canals and rail- roads. The Government of the United States also subsi-lizc an American line of steamers at an iinniial cost of $805,000 per aiinum.

Such were the disadvantages under which Canada had to enter into competition with her ll1lt'lll',{t'ntl|D(.l active neighbours. without rail- roads, lo-r ciinuls iiiiliiiislied, and the liritish and Aiiioricaiii Governments paying together ll sum exceeding .t.‘.’l50,000 per annum as ii sib- sidy to mail steiirii ships. It is, therefore. not surprising that trade should have been attract- ed awny from tt e St. Lawrence route, to which no aid has been extended, to American Atlantic ports, and that freights should be less by the one route than the other. 'l‘he actual results are in erfect agreement with the cir- cumstances. ‘lie imports and ex orts of the Western States and of Western anada have vastly increased since 1846, but the imports and exports by the St. Lawrence in 1855 were not greater than in 1846. e average cost for it-si ht of a barrel of flour in the nine years end ng in 1854, from New York to Liver ol, '.. 2. (3%, while the avera cost from n- tgsal in same period was s. 105., or about 90 per cent. higher by the one route than the othar..

Wbbtsver may have been the disadvantages under which Canada was thus compelled to

couhld, his she did not long mourn over her pet , an it must be ackuowl . I this gliat the increased seer and so l'-re-

liaaes other merchants, slsea qeoiittiiereial mtg’ tbaulats Sir R. Peel was inaugurated, 5%

M. outweighed all the Id.:ll:nl?ﬁOI arising , tad -M0-It: in-W

use _ I 1946

I $_,__~e.':“:::=:" Y is

the .\tlun.i.~, 8lt':llIlt‘l'f’ should lt'!‘lllltI:tlc nt that, point the lo ist distant from Britain, and u hich; also shall he in 4'Utlflt‘.\lt)li by railroad with 5 other ports of the interior.

'l‘l edislatice front Liverpool to New York——- lobtaiin my figures from Mr. Wyld, ol'l.'liar-' ring-cross—is com voted to be 2,‘.lt<tl geographi- cal niiles; froiu .iverpool to Quebec, 2.502‘ l1lllt!B.i‘i(I the Straits of Belle lsle. if. there ' fore. the Persia, or any other vessel, makes the voyage to New York in 10 days, it follows that the same vessel would have run to uebec in right days and ten hours; nml us the distance from Quebec to New York by railroad is 570 miles, or 1'.) hours, at the rate of 30 miles an hour, it is evident that the mails by the stou- IIH r to Quebec would be in New York 19 hours earlier. than if the I‘:-rsia or oti.cr stcaiucr l.ud gone direct from Liverpool to New ' k

lor .

llosiori, the nearest cum-rri Aiiierir-an port to vreiit lliiinin. under the presrtit inail conlrur-t. is 9,790 miles from Liverpool. Suppose such is vessel as the Persia, able to iiiake the voyage in 91 days, Quebec could bv the same vessel he reached in eight days and I9 hours, and with Ill} hours to pass over 430 miles of railuay from Quebec, it is clear that the mails, even to lltln point, could he delivered in eight hours and a-halt Ir ss time than by steamer dirt ct from Liverpool to Boston.

New Orleans is 2280 English miles distant by from New York. eio Charleston, or three days and four hours. or 13 days and four hours, from

iverpuo. Quebec, via Toledo and Cairo, is IllI' taut 2,993 miles by rail from New 0rIeans,or three days and two hour, which, added to the tiuie of the ocean voyage to Quebec. malice ll days and I9 hours, or a savin in time of transport of mails from Liverpool to ew Orleans of 40 hours Talia one more iastanea to the west. New York is disisni by rail to Detroit (across the Niagara;

miles. Quebec is distant from Detroit 75 miles The ocean voyage toQ-ietise being eight days and tea hours, and to New York to days, the saving in time would be 37 hours via usbec. This ifereriea will bsgrsatsr when the railroad which is now is cause of construction to Trols Pistolss will be I ,--a distance below Qua- bol of [Willem-

Before the soil lesion of bar railroads, Caasds sseld list (shied. ‘listiag the deans! 's'siaa

. to [In tbs 5"**...‘it':"i ... '~ r—.. 'i'.°..::.' ..:"::.',

In liii-,;l:iiid, with 2:<,Iil.t,o0tl of iiih:ibitiiiits,;

tit},0tltl tons iiro pl'I)tlll('CLl; while in this country; the uinonnt is nearly as great. as in Friiiice and I .

, lungliiiid together.

A large portion of this consumption of pupcri

is directed to the 2,000 newspapers ivliich iire«

‘int-cssantlv springing up in all sections of this i "°”‘l"g3 .Y°“ "“""l d“'i‘l‘-‘ Wlill "3-"

coiiritr_v—soiiic to flourish, butiiiorc born to‘ die and make room for the succession." “ 'l‘lic tirst book ever printed in the New orlil was in the city of Mexico. It was print- ed in the Spanisli language, in the year l5-H,l and was entitled Doclrina (‘lirisliana per (0 lssl Indus. The first publications iniide in Eiiglisli.; in Aiucriczi were the I*‘rccnimi's Oal/i, ati Allllll-: nuc for 1030. nearly a hundred years after the; work published in Mexico. In lti»l!l was puli-} lished the first book, entitled tiic Rory Purim"

oolt. lt was reprinted in England, where it‘ passed through no loss than cigliteen editions ; ' the last being issued in 1754. It was no less popular in Scotland. twenty two editions of it liavii-g been published there. Altogether. it is estimated it reached to seventy editions abroad."

“ The first printing press set up in Aincrica was ‘worked’ at Cambridge, hlnssacliusetts, in l630. l'lie Rev. Jesse Glover rocured this press b ‘ contributions of frien s of learning and religion,‘ in Amsterdam and in En land, but died on his passage to the New Wor d."

" It is believed that the amount invested in the book business in Boston alone, at the pre- sent day. cannot be less than three millions of dollars. Now there are nearl one hundred booksellers, and over ﬁfty distinct publishers iii the American ° Athens.

In New York, there are four hundred and forty-four booksellers and one hundred and tliirt -three publishers, and in Pennsylvania, fbur undred and two of the first and seventy- two of the last. Most of thy ublishiug. and the lot at number of the boo sellers, centre

the res great‘ cities of ton’, New York, and Philadelphia, which are“. e lsadia pub- l biagcltlssof the country. sw Yer has

,0 most capital invested in the business."

- <

are D‘

‘ Dmicsn Avrsuqiss,-via the guts ssatary .5 l'Is ..".'ll--‘.M"‘ °" ‘'7 as award

It sat out of

§.-3"’

within it coating of pure wt. brought before the public, surprise. by the Bohemian glass makers a ago, but froiu the inquiries sometimes sons are not yet aware how such way are manufactured.

degree of heat for their fus

of China clay and silicate of

one end open, and t e cameo, heated to

draw: out the air from within (lnstga

one continuous substance w

t.‘Al\lEOS sscnosso IN ai.is3_ when has relief figures and medals encloggd ite glass _were ﬁm they excited g was lirst intro um bout a century made of Of 3. 0 art

The ﬁgure (or ii use i te d d f ‘ tion is made of uiiueriltisn riilqiiirinogr '."°ii,",',f:;

I glass

This invention

us_aboutit, it appears that a major-it

tl within which it is to be lllcI’|ll:l:ed."":\‘:;°in," . . Wlﬁlh is to d possess this qiiality. The bus relief is inilli. 3 tliis material in a plaster mold, and after bgi sligliily baked is gradually cooled. A massliil transparent white bias is blown hollow, with redness,

is placed within it. The mass is

welded to make the two substances Id)l’li:l':°dllliod' the remote end being closed. the glass-blower . . . . d of for- cing in air, as in the ordinary manufacture) thus causing the glass to collapse, and to g'._.,,,; lth the cameo. p0lI_lllcd to any (1.. ced is striking and cameo or bust has the ppearance of unburnislied silver, isolated in the midst of the solid transparent glass. Small articles are incrusted in a more expedition. manner, especially upon glass gohlets or gimilu hollow vessels. be hot cameo is placed upon the hot manufactured vessel. is small piec. .f semi-liquid glass is drop (1 upon it, and this both ﬁxes the cameo in its place and forms glassy layer to enclose it.

When the glass is cut and sired form, the meet produ beautiful, for the chi.

An Editor out west lins married it girl of the name of Church. He says he bu enjoyed more happiness, since he joined the Church than he ever knew in his life before

Mr. Smith told a neighbour that he had purchased it set of jewels for his dear wife, which cost $2,000. “ Guess she is rather it “ dear" wife,” replied the other.

tiiviivc lll.\l iiis l)ui=:.—Deiiii Swift, in prcucliiiig an iissize sermon, was severe ugiiiii.-"t tlio liiwyi.-rs for pleading against their coiisciciicos. Alter dinner, a young couiisel said some severe. things against the clergy, rind uddeil that he did not doiibl, \\'t'l‘t.‘ the devil to die, ngparson iiiiglithe

found to prcucli his liiiieral S(‘l‘llllfl. “ Yes," .-i.iid S\\’ill, “l would, iind give the devil his due, us 1 did his chililreu this

iiioiwiiiig.”

During the stormy days of 184:‘, four stnlwiirt iiiubocruts i.-iitered the bank of the Into Baron Anéclin dc Rothschild, at l‘i'niiltl'oit. “ You have niillioiis on mil- li-.-iis,” siiid they to him, “and we have “Vet '

well, what do you suppose the firm of de Rothschild is wortlii" “About forty mil- lions of florins.” “Forty millions you think, eh? Now there are forty millions

' people in Germany: that will be a lloriii ll piece. Here's yours."

_Giiinshoroiigli was once examined as it witness on a trial respecting the ori- giuulity ofu picture, and a counsellor eiidciivoiii-ed to puzzle him by saying, “l observe you liiy great stress on ‘a painter's e,l‘U;' What do you mean by that expres-

"A ainter’s eye,” ansivered

siou?” Gainsborough, “ is to him what a liiivyer’s tongue is to you.

———lii Niles‘ Register, of I819, we find the following recommendation cfs cure for cholera morbus: " Common cork, tliorouglily burned, is recommended ass certain cure for this severe disease. It acts as an absorbent and neutrsliaarof the acid. It is taken without diﬁesilty--and three doses, of a whole cork each, in an hour, effect a cure. One does is general- ly suﬁcieut."

Fa-rsa Vsirraii.ocuisu.—-l-lssjaiaia F. Inn. “to! of the _WIi'llWlllIs. Ps., lltethodal ctiure . imitated ‘a vvildtavls so well, tbstasuf ltllyltlllllllj eeia aioas sbot bpnlstsba. fl! one of those blr s. ssd wosndedhllfstally.

Donut Il‘Kar, be.--We ugsst islssra that ,r rieadl)a_a_sld,M'Kay,

Ell".'.':'.!l!‘.'!‘r

riit‘