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ALMANAC FOR JANUARY, 1824.

MOON 8 CHANGES,

First Quarter, 5th day, 5h. 2?.6m., p. m. fall Moon, i2th day, lih. 14.6m., a. m.

Last quarter 20:h day, Ih. 10.8m., a. m. Mew Moon 28th day, th, 48.7m., a. m.

hmjhm morn) mora

1 Tuesday 7 38\4 29, 9 13)morn| 2) Wednesday 33) 7 9 0 0 42) 3/Tharsday 1 38) 31/10 191 1 20) 4| Friday | 38} 32/10 48, 2 2 5 Saturday 37' 33,11 18) 2 8 55 6 Sunday 387, 33 11 51| 3 52 7| Monday 37, 34 aft 18’ 5 9 3| Puesday 37, 35: 1 5! 6 i2 9| Wed nesday 36: 37, 1 59) 7 52 10|Thureday | 36) 38, 2 57| 8 52, i) Friday 36 39, 4 1) 9 44 12!/Saturday 35) 405 910 30,9 7 13 sunday 35| 42) 6 48'11 10; 14, Monday 35| 43\ 7 26/11 50 15 Tuesday 35, 44) 8 29 aft 28 16 Wednesday | 34' 46 9 36) 1 3 17)Tharsday a 47:10 39: 1 41! 18 Friday | 34) 43:11 40, 2 21) 19 Saturday 33, 49 morn) 3 6, 9 17 20/Sunday 33| 50,0394 4 21, Monday | 32) 52) 138 5 9 22| Tuesday 31; 53 2 36) 6 21 23| Wednesday 30| 54) 3 32, 7 28 24) Thursday 29; 55 26 8 35 25' Friday 28] 57/5 15' 9 9 26 Saturday 26 59) 6 1 9 53,8 7 27|Sunday 24/5 01) 6 41/10 32) 23| Monday 93} 2171811 8 29’ Tuesday 22) 4 7 51/11 46) 30| Wednesday 20, 5, 8 23)morn | 31' Thareday 19; 6 8 52] 0 22:

Merchants’ Bank of Halifax

CHARLOTTETOWN AGENCY, Savings Bank Department,

—WILL BE—

OPENED IST NOVEMBER, 1883,

on and after which date DEPOSITS OF $5 AND UPWARDS, will be taken and interest at the rate of

Four Per Cent. Per Annum ALLOWED THEREON. For further particulars apply to F. H. ARNAUD.

Oct, 30, 1883, AGENT.

L.ARTHUR & CO., GENERAL

Commission Merchants, 121 ATLANTIC AVENUE,

(ROSS MARKET) BOSTON, MASS.

Eggs and Produce a Specialty.

April 26, 1883.—wkly tf

SULLIVAN & MACNEILL, ATTORNEYS - AT-LAW

Solicitors in Chancery,

NOTARIES PUBLIC, &c.

OF FICES— O’Halloran’s Building, Great George Street, Charlottetown.

6a” Money to Loan, W. W, Scnuvas, Q. C, | Cussrsa B. Maowzat Jan. 16, '83.

GEORGE TWEEDY, | ATTORNEY - AT - LAW,

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OFFICE—Weat Side of Queen Street, Char- lottetown, next door to Stevenson's Tin Shop. July 25, 1883 —dy wkly 6m

EDWARD T. RUSSEL & C0., GENERAL

Commission Merchants, NO. 284 STATE STREBT,

BOSTON.

Particular attention given to the sale of Fish and Produce of all kinds,

June 22, 1883.-—6m

‘“* This is true

United States

Life lusarauee ¢

OF THE

ORGANIZED 1850.

New Features, Incontestible Policies, Prompt Settlement of Claims Guaranteed.

Apply at residence, Weymouth Street, from Sto 10 a. m, and 4 to 6 p. m.

A. 1. McPHERSON,

Agent. Sept. 25, 1883. —2aw

MONCTON Sash and Voor Factory,

\ publie for the liberal patronageextended to him while in business in Charlottetown, begs leave to inform his old customers and the public generally, that he, in company with Mr. William Rogers, has appointed

Messrs. B. Williams & Co,

Lumber and Coal Dealers, Pownal Wharf, Charlottetown, our agents, who will keep constantly on hand a full supply of Mould- ings, Window Sashes, Doors, ete.. at

LOWEST CASH PRICES,

All orders entrusted to them will receive prompt attention.

LEA & ROGERS,

Moneton, N. B,

Sept. 5, 1883.—2aw wly

J. A. GhIPMAN & CO., IN STORE : 250 bris. Choice Superior Ex- tra. 000 * Patent,

OFFICE AND WAREROOMS:

OPPOSITE RANKIN HOUSE.

J. F. SHATFORD, AGENT.

Dec.. 10, 1883.

STANDARD LIFE ASSURANCE CO.

T the 57th Annual General Meeting of

the Standard Life Assurance Company, held at Edinburgh ou Tuesday, the 24th of April, 1883, the following results for the year ended 15th November, 1883, were re- ported :—

3,038 new proposals for life as-

surance were received the

year for $ 9,754,085 38 2,561 proposals were accepted,

assuring 7,239,048 13

The total existing assurances in force at 15th November, 1882, amounted to (Of which $7,753,031.15 was reassured with other offices)

The claims by death which arose during the year amount- ed, including bonus addi- tions, to

The annual revenue amounted

$6,936,302 91

2,462,226 59

at 15th November, 1882, to 4,267,546 00 The invested funds at same date amounted to 29,503,416 00

Being an increase during the

year of 1,062,648 35

JOHN LONGWORTH, Agent for Charlottetown. THOMAS KERR, Inspector of Agencies. Ch’town, Anguat 3, 1882.

DR. BENNETT

NALLS attention to “THE ELECTRO C MAGNETIC CORSET,” exact pattern as worn by the Princess of Wales, the health- giving powers of which, especially in female diseases, are very great. Can be bad at FRASER & REDDIN’S To be worn as an ordinary corset and lasting longer and fitting superbly trimmed with Valencienes lace.

Dec, 3, 1888.

PATENTS.

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C\UBSCRIBE for the WEEKLY EXAMIN? Haudbovk about parents mafled free

ER Usty UNK DOLLAR » yes.

Nov 3, (8¥9,

Liberty, when

i or sew york. WINTER

CLOTHING.

BUY YOUR CLOTHING FROM

WA WEEAS & CO,

where you ean depend on getting

livery advantage for Cash

NEW SUPPLY

OVERCOATS,

JUST GPENED. A Good Ulster or Overcoat FROM

S+_50 TO $9.00.

EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

Underclothing, Fur Caps, Scarfs, Mitts, And Gloves.

—ALSO—

HORSE BLANKETS, Buffalo and Wolf Robes,

W. A. WEEKS & 60.,

SiGN OF THE LION.

Noy. 26,1883.

CHOICE TEAS,

ERY CHEAP,

—AT THE—

LONDON HOUSE,

— BY THE—

Chest, Half-Chest and Quarter-Chest,

ALSO IN PACKAGES OF

§, 10, 15 AND 26 POUNDS.

Ch town, Dec, 24, 1883.—1m eod wkly

SEED WHEAT.

HAVE just received from Ontario (ONE CAR LOAD (500 bushels),

WHITE RUSSIAN SEED WHEAT

specially sclicted for my own trade

This Wheatca n now be seen at my store or will send samples by mailto any address free

PRICE, $2 (0 per bushel of 60 lbs. Bags (contajning 2 bush. each) 25 centsextra. —

All orders filled promptly and in their turn. Ifto be scnt by rail will be delivered on board train without extra charge,

TERMS CASH. Remittances should be made by Registered Letter. Fractions of a dollar may be sent in one or thre cent postage stamps.

As there will be a rush for this wheat, those who desire to’secure some of it should order immediately. Address

George Carter,

Upper Great George 8t. Ch’town, Dec. 27, 1883.—lawwkly.

Se eee rrr £ Tee HEUWiRS

BLINN Vat e hy a aohhe

Ryiaa! re

a

OB PRINTING of every description @) «xecuted with Neatness and Despatch iat the EXAMINER JOR PRINTING LUUMB, vor. Water urd Great George Stroot.

rc

Free-born Men, having to advise the Public, may speak free,””—Evxiriprs,

PROVINCIAL SECRETARY, BEFORE THE Y. M. C. ASSOCIATION.

THE cultivation of the land has siways been regarded as a highly honorable em- ployment. It gives health to the body, energy to the mind, and is favorable to purity of moral character. Painting and poetry have drawn one half of their inspir-. ation from the charms of pastoral life. | From observing the fall of an apple, Sir! Isaac Newton discovered the great law of! gravitation, and to the wise men of the) east, the shepherds of Chaldea watching! their flecks by night, the star appeared | which heralded the world’s salvation. | Rural populations have always proved the stoutest and truest defenders of free insti- tutions. Liberty crushed out of existence | in the seats of learning and the marts of | commerce has lived on, in the distant valley | and mountain fastness. The Tells and. Wallaces and Hampdens of history acquired | their love of liberty from their country life, ' ‘and Cincinnatus and Washington received in the seclusion of farm employments that) moral and mental training which fitted | them to assume the direction of the most mementous movements among men. | The practice of farming dates back to the creation of the world. After the sea had been divided from the dry land, the greater light placed in the firmament to rule the days, the lesser light to rule the night, and the brute creation called into existence, the

| Almighty looked upon the face ‘of all His | works and observed a great want. ‘‘There ‘was nota man upon all the earth to till the ground,” and so Adam was created. We are told that Abel was a keeper of flocks, ‘and Cain was a tiller of the ground. And ‘onward through all the ages the earth has, been laid under tribute for the supply of \food for the human race. Of the earth, ‘earthy, coming from dust as well as to dust returning, the body of every animal derives ‘its elementary composition from the soil. ‘Science in this respect simply corroborates ‘the teachings of revelation, finding in the land, although in different combinations, ithe same constituents which form the bodies of animals. Hence it follows that ‘animals and their products are just as sure- | ly and invariably drawn from the soil as roots and cereals. While agriculture is the oldest and most honorable of all the arts, while it feeds the teeming millions of the human family, it has been the last of all the industries to receive that recognition and assistance from science which have within the last two or three centuries given a new impulse to the employments of men. And yet there is no department of human industry where’ scientific investigation is more urgently required. The farmer finds himself every day of his life surrounded by agencies of whose properties he has no accurate know- ledge. He looks at his soil, but he gan gather little more from an examination of it than anilliterate man can glean from the pages of a book. He looks at his grain and roots and fattened cattle, but although he may have a well defined idea that in their prednction he has withdrawn valuable substances from his soil, yet he does not know what these substances are, nor how to replace them in the most economical manner. He looks at the plants which deck his pastures, but he knows little of their relative value, either in ameliorating his land, or feeding his stock.

‘‘A primrose by the river's bank,

A yellow primrose is to him,

And itis nothing more.” When we remember that, not only does agriculture feed the world, but that it gives employment to a large proportion of its inhabitants, it will at once be admitted thet a knowledge of the Departments of Science on which it is based will enable the farmer to carry his art to the greatest per- fection, and, consequently, the world will be better fed, and the tillera of the soil better rewarded. In view then, of the great interest which all classes have in the success of the venerable art, 1 have no apology to offer for asking a city audience to turn their thoughts for a few moments to the consideration of the best means of educating the farmers of our country. To every Prince Edward Islander the subject should be one of engrossing importance. Having a soil of wonderful fertility, and a climate well suited for the production of roots and cereals, (and without other very great resources), we should, with one heart and one hand, labor to fructify and beautify the noble heritage which God has given us.

The farmer needs the assistance of the State, and the school, and the book, more than any other producer. His life is one of unremitting toil, and the demands upon his time and strength are so great as to leave him but few opportunities of reading, and much of what is offered him to read, regarding his own profession, is unsuited for the climate of his country, the nature of his soil, or the circumstances by which he is surrounded, Al! men are more ready to adopt an improvement from personal ob- servation of its benefits than from the mere suggestion of an author, and here is where farmers labor under a serious disadvantace In some of the other professions there are frequent opportunities of travelling, and personally inspecting the improvements being made by others. But such opportun- ities rarely occur to the average farmer. Condemned, by the necessities of his caliing and through his want of means, to stay at home, mystified in his attempt to master a treatise on agricultural chemistry, by his want of education, and the technical terms with which it abounds, misled by the nonsense which he often meets in the agricuitural columns of some of the news- papers, and in some so-called agricultural periocicals, the thinking but uneducated farmer finds himself in a position of a wan blindfolded and handicapped, and placed within a wide but perfect inclosure.

The thinking farmer finds himself con- fronted every day of his life with questions which he is wholly unable to answer. The peculiarities of soils, the causes of differences in crops, the insects that destroy them, the divenses of bis stovk, the un i

should be sacredly followed by him.

a re

geen

CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, FRIDAY, JANUARY 18, 1884,

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. A LECTURE BY THE int DONALD FERGUSON, |

(

of his orchard, these, and similar things, attract his attention, and give rise to ques- tions which he cannotarswer. In his mind will be found a latent feeling that it is pos- sible his son may be so taught as to know many things which are beyond his own comprehension, But the large mojority of farmers do not belong to the thinking class, at least in the sense now referred to. They see, for instance, the productiveness of their soil becoming less every year through excessive cropping, and yet they do not adopt an ameliorative sys- tem, although they may see its beneficial effects demonstrated in their own neighber- hood. They find their dairies and cattle stalls yield them scarcely any profit, and yet they make no efforts to acquire new methods or improve their breeds. Men of this class will generally laugh at the advo- cates of scientific farming, and are content to continue to work by the rule of thamb. Such men offer the greatest obstacles to well-considered improvement in their pro- fession, and many of them will never im- prove until the mortgages on their farms are foreclosed, or they pay the debt of nature.

It must be admitted on the very threshold of the discussion of the question that the greatest difficulties in the way of agricul- tural improvement are piaced there by farmers themselves. As a class their prejudices are very strong. To insinuate in the presence of an average farmer that bis land was not just as well managed as it was possible for any man in his circumstances to manage it, or that his wife did not make the very best butter in the worjd, would be regarded as a downright insult, Because his father may have practised certain methods of cultivation, is to his mind a sufficient reason why these methods When he hears of the great sums paid for well- bred animals, or the heavy expense incurred in applying artificial manures to the land, he shrugs his shoullers and conclvdes that the men who do these things must have mvre money than brains. When he hears of schools or colleges to train farmers, he remarks that if people must play at farming they may as well do it when they are young as at any other time. In view of the hostility to innovation which prevails among farmers the real question to consider is not so much what kind of an education farmers need, but what training can they be induced to receive in order to fit them for their business.

As in nearly all other reforms, the advo- cate of agriczitural education must centre his hopes on the rising generation, and we have not begun a day too soon to teach the children in our schools the elements of agriculture. When the day has arrived when all our teachers are qualified to give instruction in the elements of agriculture, and when the boys and girls who graduate from our common schools are taught the first principles of the profession which most of them are destined to follow for a living, a bound will be made in the way oi progress of which we can now form but little conception, and the public school teacher will rise to the full dignity of his calling. And the work of education commenced in the schools will go forward on the farm. The boy who has mastered the first principles of agricultural chemistry at schoo! will be able to understand and appreciate more advanced works with his advancing years. His studies will go om, hand in hand with his work, and 2&8 he finds himself able to master difficulties he will acquire a confi- dence in himself and a pride in his pro- fession. What is the reason that so large a proportion of the sons and daughters of farmers manifest so strong a distate for their father’s calling? It is, I believe, because, with the most of them, they are only brought in contact with the most un- interesting and repulsive work of the farm. They see in farm employment nothing but a life of drudgery before them. Teach them that a pure bred Durham, or Jersey, or Ayrshire, well cared for, can be sold as readily for hundreds, or even thousands of dollars, as a scrub can for twenty or thirty; teach them that butter can be made which will sell for fifty cents, or perhaps a dollar per pound as easily as the common article will bring twenty cents, and with no increase of labor. Teach them that success in farming does not all depend on hard work, but that skill will as surely earn. its reward in agriculture as in other callings. When our boys are thus taught, they will gladly remain at home, not as mere ‘‘cumberersa of the ground,” but as skilful producers, and then we may hope to see Prince Edward Island take the front rank as an agricultural country, which nature designed that she should occupy.

The object of education is two-fold, the training of intellect and the giving of faci- lities, and the best system of education is that which turns cut in the fields of the world the most skilful workmen, supplied with the best tools. How far does the Public School system of Prince Edward Island accord with this ideal is a subject well worth considering. While it may be admitted that the curriculum of our sehvols is well adapted for the training of mind, it may well be asked if the education impart- ed in our higher schools should not par- take of a more practical character?

It may be replied that this instruction is eminently practical inasmuch as it forms part of the educational training of com- mercial and professional men. Such reply fully admits the force of the objection, and as agriculturists greatly outnumber all other professions put together, in like proportion should the educational training of farmers preponderate in the curricula of our higher schools. A tree is known by its fruits, and systems of education must be judged by their results. And here | must express my conviction that a false idea of life is too otten formed in our higher schools, and their tendency is to wean young men away from the farm.

The ambition of ninteen-twentieths of the teachers and the atnivsphere of the school lead in other directions. ‘The result is that a medly of youths whose natural place is at the plough or in the workshop, are

pitchfvrketl into professicns already full vo

SINGLE Copies Two Cunt. T T

\ OL, 14,---N (), 49. overflowing, there to engage in a struggle, in which, by this pr: cess of ‘‘unnaiural selec- tion,” there is not even the satisfaction arising from being asstired of the ‘‘survival of the fittest.” | But ovr schools are not wholly respon- sible for the false idea of life which is pre- sented to the mind «f the young. A native of the Island scarcely ever obtains a jsituation in the United States of greater ‘importance than a school trusteeship with us, but our newepapers proclaim with many flourishes the success of another ‘Islander abroad.” If a student from the Island wins a prize in a Dominion or American College, no matter how slight the competition or how impractical the stucy, the never-failing paragrapher heralds the achievement as a marvelous success.

Even at home the man who with, it may be, little education and less capital but a superabundance of cheek, determines to make a living by reckless. speculation, is complimented and flattered while the un- assuming producer, who by his intelligence and industry adds to the public wealth, is comparatively unnoticed. With such false ideals held out before them, is it any wonder that farmer’s sons resolve to leave the Island or go into more attractive em. ployments. They see nothing before them on the farm but bard, monotonous and ur- appreciated work, and they want to. be doctors, or lawyers, or merchants, or any- thing that willl keep their hands soft and white, and secure for them a respectable position in society,

And those who do remain at home can- not wholly repress the unbidden sigh as they see their schoolmates and brothers enjoy- ing present riches and living lives of appar- ent ease. Time will surely bring its revenges and dispel the glamour through which such distorted views of life are now obtained, The farmer may live to see the merchant bankrupt, the doctor without patients, and the Jawyer pushed aside in his profession by younger and more aspiring rivals, Take my word for it, in the end it will be found that the farmer who skilfully practices his calling ‘thas chosen the better part,” and that he can most favorably com- pare notes with even the most successful in the other professions.

It will be noticed that I have used the term higher education as distinguished from mere elementary instruction, and that I regard all higher cducation in our Province as virtuaily technical. We have no class in the Dominion of Canada which it is desirable to train for a life of literary leisure. At the plough, on the deck, in the workshop, in the learned professions, in the Halls of Legislation, feats pre- sents a life of earnest self-denying work, as the [noblest carrier for every one of her sons. The practical idea should therefore permeate every lesson of the school, until master and pupil eatch the inspiration and resolve that *‘in the world’s broad fields of battie in the bioonac of life,” they shall not ‘‘be as dumb-driven cattle, but be heroes in the strife.”

There are many diflirent opinions held as tothe duty of the state in regard to education. Some of there lic altogether outside the present subject, others, al- though closely connected with it, yet time will not allow me to refer to, There are some who contend that the state should support nething beyond a merely elementary education. That if education is extended further than a mastery of reading, writing and arithmetic, it should be at private cost, inasmuch as advanced education cannot be shared in by all, and its possession is calculated to gain in the battle of life emoluments which are scarcely within the reach of those whose means limit them to elementary instruc- tion. There are others who admit that it is the dnty of the state to encourage higher education, but who believe that the place assigned to’ classics should be greatly limited, and more attenticn given to indus- trial or practical sciences.

On the other hand, a large number of men of liberal culture, contend strongly for the utility of the classics, but they freely admit the neceesity of modifying college curricula to meet the wants of the age in which we live.

The mau who regards mere proficiency

in Latin as the Alpha and Omega of liberal education is now looked upon as a literary fossil. The grand test of all human knowledge should be its usefulness to man- kind; and the application of this test is fast bringing classical studies within proper bounds, and ushering in the day predicted by the Reverend Sidney Smith, when ‘The puffed up pedant shall collapse into his proper size and the mere maker of ver- ses and the rememberer of words shall assume thut station which is the lot of those who go up unbidden to the upper places of the feast.” Some of the results of the discussion of these subjects may be found in the more prominent place now assigned to agricul- tural chemistry and kindred subjects, in even the most conservative of the univer- sities; in the establishment of a large num- ber of colleges all over the world, wholly devoted to industrial education, and in the prescription in many countries—and among them Prince Edward Island—of the ele- ments of agviculture, as a subject of study in the advanced grades of the public schools.

One of the most hopeful signs of the times in which we live is to be found in the very general movement now going on in different countries to place farming on @ scientific basis by instructing the farming population in the principles of their pro- fession. Chemistry has lifted the great veil which has hitherto hidden the face of ‘nature, and walking in the light which bas | thus been ushered in, the advanced farmers ‘of England, Scotland, Germany and other ‘countries have inaugurated a new era in the cultivation of the soil. Improved breeds jot stock have teken the place of scrubs. Exhausted soils bave been restored by the use of commercisl fertilizers to more than ‘virgin fertility. Great bogs have been ‘drained, and the ‘‘desert and the waste place have been made to blossom like the

pore.” (Te be conbenwed).