g . L

can GHARLOTTETOWN GUARDIAN.

“ﬁ-QQ-QQOQQ-o-o-o-Q-o-O-ooooqo

ﬂirts for tile Motorist

IY ALIIIT L. QLOUIIH ooooo-o-uvo-o-oonouo-Q“ A m

THE REAR DRIVING SYSTEM- THE SPRING DRlV-E. When power is applied to the rear axle shafts, not only is tilt-re i . a force acting to turn the wheels " and propel the car, but there is an p‘ equal reaction set up, tending to a rotate the axle housing In the op~ l _.. _ "ab. . oosite direction, which force must

I .- e ‘ he restated in order to keep the

" mechanical parts In their relative

positions. In the some way, win n

the brakes are n/pplled, the move- ment of the car ' ~

which tends to rotate the aile-

casing to which the brake anchor-

ages tire fastened and this tendency

must nlso be resisted. When power

, e Style k of

is applied to drive a car forwtrd bore is a tendency l... push the whole rear end forward undoi- the_ chasia and when reverse power 1r the ‘brakes are put on the ten- lency ls to drag the whole rear‘ system out from under the ear to the rear. Thus, in the design of ‘he final drive system means must! be provided to prevent the rear axle structure from rotating and to ‘tee-p the rem‘ axle in a practlcilly constant position relative lo the chassis, so for as fore and aft movement is concerned. The fig- ure hero shown represents in prin» .clple,r one very common typo of’ rear drive system, the tin-called

will enjoy 1ookingover your copy of

‘lore A is a portion of a frame side ,_

. I b , lih f l l ‘ r New Style Book of Furs 1 19204921 , ,‘,‘f{‘,‘,,°,',,,f,’,,,,3,, {;‘,',;*;",;§.§;‘,; ,3; t moms i». flushed out frﬁqliefl"

lug which houses the driving gear ind differential, -D a crossmec Ion of an axle-shaft and E the criss- section of the tubular axle-shaft housing, -to which is securely tus- iened against rotation by mciins

Itieftillofintcrcst forcverywelldrcssedwoman Itwillbeaplcasuretoscndyouacopy

hit of which ls deﬁnitely nosl 10n- im {Ga

Write to your nearest non non-run. xonorrm wnmrrm

nlvoted In the spring hanger K. The rear end of spring J is tastuiv

or) IQ tho frame by the shackle link ' 1., the swinging of which upoit its two pivots permits freedom of spring deﬂection. The drive Bllﬂll M is of the type previously doscrlb~ ad in these articles, fitted with a universal point I’ whore it is cott- nected with the pinion (llmllfllelfl shaft iit the iurle. with antillit-i- uni- versal point N, where it is nit-ach- ed to the final drive shalt n: lite transmission and a teloscuvlllls slip-joint O. W-Itcri forward driv-

gg 99 [L v . tug power is applied, its reaction

ends to rotate the axle-housing in

{clockwise directionf-the pinion

housing and rear universal ‘Willi

I tending lo move upward, but as the

' r I /_; axle shiift housing is fastened to

fig-r

Soldmaummaaoexar/ivpui: ~ ti... spring by the clips and seal. this force is resisted ‘by the for- . \ .Q§‘ Q ward half of the sprinx EBDBCWUY. V the leaves. of which are forced t0- gether and tend to ﬂatten while the leaves of the rear half tend to spread apart and deflect further. when reverse power is applied or the brakes are put on to stop for- ward motion ‘the action ‘of the havies of the spring is the opposite of that. just described. in reality the rotation of the axle housing is ordinarily very slight and only sufficient to create enough spring ‘force to balance the turning force of the housing. Both rear springs. o f course, act equally to limit the , ‘ rotary movement of the housing. Still, there is a slight movement ‘ lly when the clutch is let

s‘ ‘w. “ l€a

In suddenly or an emergency stop ls made and this tends to reduca the severity of the shocks which the mechinal parts have to sus- luln. Since spring J is rigidly

d”; a

lust like a careless be i Yea. but the cut had to be sailed

quickly and cleanly no e could do his worls. Father

suggested A 1'3"". QIIU

. ' _ ; 1771M ola

THE pleasure of shopping is not i “"""“"“""“""“"‘"

marred by any misgivings aa- to

quality when you as ' or Watson's Underwear.

‘And Mentliolctum did it~ belied thccut gcnilY llfd prevented infection by its

The wonderful elasticity of‘ the" ‘nﬁwpm ‘mom spring needle knit fabric, the variety All wolf in a few day: f ‘his dthd'tfin'hcu _ ,,.,..... /§,..Y.Z“...;r3.“. amfiaiil..." “wit... mist s.:.“:..".:....

‘ion to the wearer Mmtholntun l| all no ivrc In He. and

o‘ ‘l m. m.

g ‘fin Iuthlnt- Co. ";w<' UNDERWEAR

Bridgeburg. but. ‘"- Watson Manufacturing c». Limited, Bustiers,‘ outside. ..

Buffalo. ILY. llmﬂvl. DI-

ling, were approximately on- the arc

ilotchkiss spring drive, us it ap~l__8. _ pears when viewed from one side. “ha; E,'“;r"ﬂ'“°‘-

_ - of spring clips h‘ and sprint; will lradiator front, h t .1, rho center point. of the ltalf-lgeenis hotter llldvfl ltnsllglildlmllhtliiiys mime lea‘ wﬁng J‘ ‘me for“ “rd l“ Um Gilly lKllll-llﬁ. we believe there

d upon the frame member by bging lit ls an

held in position at K, when the car

s moving forward, the propulsive force is applied an u push. trans- mitted through the front half of the spring. acting in compression and when the brakes are applied ill stop bucking motion the action is the same. When the car is bacil- ed or the brakes are applied to stop forward motion, the from halves of the springs, acting iii tension, transmit the force to the frame if the up and down ntotion of the axle-housing, due to road irregularities and variations In load-

ol a circle drawn with “Hillel's-ll point N as a center in a vertical plane through the end of axle shaft i), there would be no need of slill joint l for the same total drive shaft length would always be rc- quired, ‘but the up and down ‘motion from the uxle ls ‘more nearly on win arc drawn with spring hunger it l as a center-w: much shorter radius | -iind thus a shorter lcnﬂlll "l

drive shaft is required as the frnm». fails below or rebounds above its normal position. The slip joint} permits this change In shaft length without cramping the ‘pﬂrlﬁ-

RADIATOR SEEMS TOO HOT

_ l‘t l-lPPma to me a ill" heals up too much “llllillllzh the water and oil

névgigw can llllS condition ‘be rr-

Answer: You do not Qﬂy "m, Your "mill-ﬂing irate-r boils away with increased miipldity or ma; the "llflllP Elves yon any trouble dun to overheating. is it only that tho

usuz

late your digestion so you out l.“ favorite food: wit-hunk (u! of

lndiguﬂdl flatulence Gun malty Pnlpitatinl

A few tablets of Papa's Diapoplln wrrect acidity, thuc regulgting m; itomaeh and giving almost instant. slid. hrge 60c cask-drugstore;

’

l0 llli? Gylinder, which should lJO well oiled to permit easy entrance of ;the parts. In selecting rings from stock, those that are most nearly circular, when com-pressed, should be chosen. They can be Halted Willi a pair of calipers. if a first-class lob of fitting is to lie done, it is a good ids-a to apply rod lead paint to the bore and tear vacb rings by inserting it. if its face is reddened evenly the fit ls good but if there are parts that do not tasks the paint, the ring should ho rejected or the other part filed down carefully until tllF-ffl is a llellllﬂl: throughout its length,

ENGINE “DI ES" UNEXPECTEDLY

T. B. writes". .My Ford Quill"? 1W5 good powt r, but occasionally it will suddenly d-ie. Soiitetiiiies, when it is about to do this, i throw in low-

ls no occasion for alarm. lndwwt advantage to keep the water as hot as it can no without too much evaporation. l1 you lip-I lually lost ton much water, llIlS| may be because the fnmholi 1,, mo‘. ‘loose tn itecp lite Inn at lull spend] because your ignition is set timl late. or because you are ritniilngi loo rich a mixture. We suppose that l H!“ are using cylinder oil of l'e~ ‘liable quality. ‘ ’ , ' BATTERV i8 TOO HEAVILY . CHARGED

C. D. writeaz-illdy battery both- ers me a great deal ‘by boiling the water away so fast. On long trips l have to refill it every two or thl-ee days. What can I do to avoid it.

Answen-You can take your car to a service station and have the generator charging rate some- what reduced or you can do it yourself if you follow the directions furnished ‘wilny-onr starting and lightllli system. This will reduce the current supplied your battery enough to prevent the excessive decomposition of ‘water and the overheating of the electrolyte on long trips. if you do not care to do this, you can burn all lights while on the road 0r run your starter, with Ignition shut off, a few minutes at a time, ocosionnlly in order to partly discharge the bal‘ lery

cannot: oiseinoaos CLUTCH

A. A. K. wrItem-l recently hm! my car clutch rciined and have l-ind the car only once. Now ‘it ‘is stuck in the ifiywlieel and l cannot throw it out. niwe tried to pry it 1005s but cannot do so. The clutch mo- chanispi is all right. What can l do lo free it? ‘ '

Amwen-You might try the following: Jack tip one IP31‘ Wheel- put the gear into low, nnvc some‘- one hold the clutch-pednl in the disengaged position. 5° a" l0 m‘ lease the sprint; and than try t“ turn the jacked-up Wllrél. ilP-il l“ one direction and then the other- it is possible that the force thllﬂ applied may break the hold 0i ll"? lining of the face of the flywheel. if this does not ‘prove successf . you had better take‘ the cur to l: 5am“ where they have speciuk menus for forcing apart 5W6 parts. In case the linins l9 °l lelllh‘ er and it can be reached, try W‘ plying Iivaisinnl oil to it in the hope of softening the part that i8 stuck. are yv“ lmwm" “m ‘hi? the release mechanism ls in W0" lng order’!

FITTING PISTON RINGS

Io Sure Ringo of Correct Dimen- olom Arc Obtained.

When all three (or lip") “m” have (thus been fi-ttedwthewoilllx sprung into their respect rte i=1 n“ (-5, beginning with the h0il0lll are and, as these cast-iron rill‘! h rather- lriiil, this is a delicate i0 - A pair of piston rips PM" deslg" ed ‘tovliﬁld a ring With untold; sprung apart, is a very’ "59 u \ for this vurlllle‘ l‘ ‘s “aunt to lilucc ‘the i-inxl Wllll m9" lmﬂt: spaced at intervals around the ii

gear ‘and it will start again, but llsuzilly it dies when Ou low gear. Oncv in a while, by turning lllt‘ engine over a few turns. it can be started. Thor-o Ia no certainty of getting Ironic, with ii ear in this condition. I lltinlt there is no trouble with the cnitburtcor, at; it is it new one and gasoline flows through it. (‘an you give liic any lteip‘!

Answer: This scents to us lu bu. tin ignition trouble which comer; 0n slltitlcnl-y. Probably it is due to ti loose connection DI‘ i1 ilefecilve pines in the wiring. 'l"ltis is prob- iibly in some part 0f lheprininry ignition circuit, which is common to all the cylinders. You better go ovtr all the connections, and llie switch and timer wiring in detail. There may be trouble in the mug- neto winding. Why don't you pill lil n set of drycells, connected i0 the lbatttery side of the swilch, and see if you still have trouble? This would decide ‘wlicther tlici-e was magneto trouble. If your engine stops without any warning, igni< lion trouble is indicated, but if It gradually weakens, misses and pops in the carburetor, you may suspect carburutiou trouble.

KNOCKS WHEN THROTTLE IS OPENED.

0. W. B. wrlttt: Sometime ago a knock developed in my engine. is most noticeable when running at slow speed and the throttle la suddenly opened, but is present all the time. The connecting-rod and main bearings have been tightened Miayit be the wrist-pins that are causing this? What advice can you give rue?

Anlwer: Beside the carbon knock the one which "shows up" most noticeably. ‘when opening the throttle tn accelerate, is the loose- piston knock, which is sort of a ralitling sound. If your pistons have worn considerably undersizye theyqmay he making the noise that you hear. Quite likely your pis- ton-pins may have worn consider- ably, but the knock that they snake is usually not 4i very l°lld one. if your knock is heavy "l"! rather dull, the main bearings may still be in trouble despite your lightening them, the flywheel may not be perfectly tight on the shall. the engine may ‘be loose on the

.._,_~__

s?‘

frame or the pzirit setting may be somewhat curly. Are your timing gears perfectly tight on their shafts‘!

THE BEVEL GEAR DRIVE.

- "l9 b01191": TT are the two axle-

ti-aic-i the iiiechunisui by means of which the power of the angina Wlllull is transmitted from tho loiigl tudlniil unllvcrsallyrjoinried dflvc- shaft to the rear-axle, is there vllanizcd in direction, so that it acts truiisversily of the Cllfcﬁiltillg the two axle shafts in proportion lo

lllcir reltttireiuetits- at a redllct-Ll ~

speed and Willi Increased turning force. g Here A in a CPDHSlGUlIlOII lit the tight gear-housing, foriiiii llii- ccntrnl portion of tlie rear axle structure and f! is llic section of another connected casing, known as tlic pinion shaft housing, which projects forward lruin the axlt.» casing. Within B is the pionioii shaft (pro ller shaft) C, to the Inner end of which is fixed the bevel drive-pinion D, sud to the outer end of which E. the drive- _shaft is connected. Sliiift C is stip- Dortcd in twvo bal lbearin-g, namely the double-row bearing F, UtllTleLl in the adjustable retainer B. and lllc Single row bearing H, acting between ‘which bearings is the “hat-er J. F is adapted tn resist end- tlirusi along the shaft as well us radial loud. The dfIferentinI-geiiﬂ has previously lbeen explained zlndl l“ he" Tellresentcd ‘by the following Darts: KK. two of the four lpinions; LL the master gears and M the Wider or differential frame. To the differential frame ls fastened the large bevel or ring gear N, here shown in cross-section. This gear, if viewed from the loft side would

appear as u ring, with beveled‘ '

teeth out upon It, which teeth are in mesh with those of pinion D. in the construction ehre, shown, mp inside of housing A is so formed, at portions O, as to provide sup. ports (the differential carrier), upon which are mounted the bearings that carry the differential, the cas- ing of which is provided with hubs P. Thesis bearing are gliuwn 3,; R as of the plain roller lyhi. Tilt- lllllﬁrellvlﬂl: unit is held against sliaflwise motion by the hail thrust - beaﬂllﬂ SS. both 0f Which are ziti- justably threaded into the hubs of the gear housing A and it should pa noted that the differential unit with

the attached ring rear N, is fully _

and Independently supported in Bhilifls. connecting respectively with the two rear wheels and here shown Rs rigidly rlxeii in the mast-

El‘ 89-311‘ L of the diffiferentlitil whcih however is not necessary or desirable, it being preferable ‘Slflllflly. lo square these ends of shafts Tl into the muster-gears in ii ruin-t rigid and ticiachalile ntanncr, Milt that iltcy shall not be sublcou-d in‘ transverse stresses but shall “tlniit" ' at their points of support and fut-l

lllf‘f“lli0l'8 s0 that lliey may readily

be remnvcil by withdrawing lll(‘lll through the tubular shaft housings l‘. In operation, the drive-shall from the engine, rotates pinion- sliaft (‘ and bevel pinion ll, llli‘ teeth of which mesh with illv tooth of the ring gear N, turning ii and ill“ tilffcrential stair ‘d5 a ililli, the shafts T, fixed "m lilastllr-gcivs l.. ronvoydng motion lo the two Tlliil “herds. The "ekztive. iitiiiilioi- of lvelli on gout‘ N inl piiiiiiii 7i tie- tcrniine tlie lllllllbul‘ hf tithes whiz-h the engine anti shaft t‘. iiiust turn in order to turn shaft T once. This is llW "Hear ratio" or final reduc- tion ratio of the drive. Assume for example that N has 56 ‘teeth and l) has 12 teeth under which circum- aanccs D must rotate fiil—.-i2- ‘i 2~3 times In oriler to produce one rear wheel rotation anti the axle undid be spoken of as having a 4 2d to l gear. ‘By using a pinion of ‘more teeth and a gear with cor- téslpdndingly less teeth the gear ratio is ‘made higher and vice verso. The gears here shown have straight bevel teeth, ‘but spirally cut teeth are more often used "in the interest of quiet operation. Since the teeth of N and D mesh at an tingle un- der heavy pressure there is a ten- dency for N and the whole differ- ential to crowd to the left and for D and pinion shaft C to crowd for- ward, the former of which forces is resisted by the left thrust bear- ing S, the right bear-in: -S being ari- lusted to ta-ko up any existing end play, While the latter force is re~ slated by bearing F. Since N and D must be ‘properly aligned and their teeth must enter one another to exactly the correct depth to se- cure quiet and efficient operation there must be means of moving both gears shaft-wise. Gear N and the ‘whole diferential unit can be adjusted to the right and into the closer mesh, by screwing loft thrust hearing S‘ slighty inward, st the same time screwing right thrust bearing S slightly outward. Pinion D can be adjusted closer to the differential or into deeper mesh by screwing inward the ibeiirlng F. which through spacer F forces the inboard pinion bearing l-l also curl respondingly inward. Lubrication of the differential and its bearing as wel las of gear N. is secured by lubricant distributed by N itself us it runs in heavy oil carried’ in the bottom of A up to the level of the, opening W, while the pinion shaft

supplied to the spaces within shaft. housing B. '~ \

Questions of general interest to motorists will be answered in this Jllllllllll space permitting. lf an lm-‘ mediate answer isdesired, enclose selfuddreasetl, stamped envelope. Address Albert L, (llnugh, care of our office.

The accompanying diagram illus-

ton instead of all in a line. l“ W‘ der'to reduce lenlmse- A! m“ “"5: i spnng out beyond the surfacﬁ a; the piston It makes it dlfflcilil d" enter the piston Into the C! ll

lying a band of ill"!

th its ends twisted to- ssuier around each ring. it crumb: held down ‘in iin rroove. “all

. h th wire can be teller llirrl‘ rzngrea eons the am mi; mid band treoibd in thenme ‘ way until Ill min have cum! "\-

cdse of the rin! h" 3"“ emmwd .

‘The only twin shingle

l hr Infants and. Children.

iilotliers iinow That Genuine iiastoria

I Bears the Signature

aviators-Wife‘ ,

l ilse’ Fur liver T hiriy Years

EASTURIA

vu x crnnim cons-any. an: vnuut our.

. a‘? 22".‘- 1,1! pl I‘ —;I"II ‘p-L-I‘ ~15; 5-,

n’ a 5-4.

lThi-ets ‘llticknesses of Roofing

HE ROOF on this cosy little home in the Maritime Provinces, like thousands of others throughout Ca n all s, is laid with Ncponset Twin Shingles. lt is giving pcrlcct satisfaction and will for years lo come.

NEFDNEET

TWIN Slllllilii

Asphalt Saturation - Slate Surfnccd - Fire Safe

laid four inches to the weather, provide a roof that is three thick- nesses over the entire surface.

They will not crack or curl, and it is physic- ally impossible for rain or snow to blow in

manufactured, makes a roof that is positively weath er-tight and ﬁre- resisting.

Their size and shape, —two shingles in one, enables them to be quickly laid; they re- quire one-third less nails; they are laid “rider illem- N690!!- closc together, have setTwinShingicshavc the appearance of a acrushedslste surface slate roof and being —redorgreenincoior.

Then in n Ncponsez dealer in your district. Write u: for his nun and n copy u! our lllultrnlod booklet "Roofing Canada."

BIRD & SON Limited, Hamilton, Ontario

"mum-ii mutiny, Canadian rims. mu: bnpnlil Clank for cum» moi.‘ a‘

NEPEINEET RIIIUFS

hearing are lubricated by grease ri

A Tonic Wine

Successfully used since ‘over ten years to‘: the relief of chronic ailments of the rcs- piratory organs. Recommended as an up- building tonic in all stages of convalcscencc.

0n Sula linryhlnu.

Dr El). MORIN l (TIE, LIMITEE QUEBFKL Qllfi.