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l monsoon’

' VOL. -22.

Qtgritulturr.

(Irons the correspondent q‘ the Albany Cultivator.)

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY. : our agricultarista study ecot_toro as attentively as they ought

lo I I do not mean ecoaom t war a n- Chas, saving every cent they can and stlnting sup lies. I mean & eeonoin of mana eat. ‘free economy adapts means to Ode. applying no more or less of the one than is necessary for the ouspletion of the other. For example, ten acres of lend well re- ps horoughly tilled.’ will produce live hundred bushe s of The economical farmer, therefore, who intends to produce of corn will not use twenty acres of poorly prepared and ' land to accomplish it; because the same amount of crop will require mcrelshour on twenty acres in plowing and tillirig, however im rfectly performed, than it will on ten acres, however well it she I be prepared. A sin, if a former have n hun- Ioa of manure only, if he at y economy, he will rather supply it all to _a small piece of land and thus manure it well, than toe large piece and thus manure it imperfectly; because, in the former casa,'it will require less labour to produce a given amount of crop, than in the latter. Again, a farmer that has a given amount ' itin sufficient quantity to as much land only suliicieut fertilization, and thus, by annually improvioga small piece, at length render the whole fertile. So, also, the owner ofa large trnct oflaad will attempt to cultivate only just so much ofit as his forces can cultivate thoroughly. 'I‘wo far- mers, each with the same number of acres, ‘and the same amount cflabcur, shall shotv very difihrcnt balance sheets at tho end of the fir. the one footing up 81000 profits, and the other $500, simply me the one studies economy in the application of means to ends,

and the other takes no thou lit of the riiatter.

One great fault of many armors, may be found in a peculiar aa- uioa for e ow muclt wheat will you put in this all P 250 sores, 600 acres, &c. The question should be, Iiow much will you ace this year.’ and the passion should be, for the largo

. instead of the large surface seeded. Tho New liiigland far-

‘ from our Iliddlo and Northern State furtiiers in this. study economy in all things. 'I‘he do not weaken the rssaltof their forces by ditfusion, but strcngthcn them by concen-

There is much want of economy also and much less in not close- ly stloudhg to times and seasons. We continually lioar farmers complaining, that they have not yet got their hind prepared for fall

, sad notv the wee ier wil not admit 0 its preparation; one he not finished planting his corn yet; another had not secured hi lnrveat before the rain set in, and it is beginning to sprout. As a general rule, there is it time and season for every thing to be done on I farm, and those who are late in any thing must expect to ant‘- fer consequences. 'l‘o study the economy of times and seasons, is I much a part of the science of agriculture as is the proper

of means to ends; and both are as necessary to success iog, as it correct application of skill in mechanics is neces- sary to success in any met: zinical employment. Many of our far- mul seem to sleep all the wiittor, wake up in the spring, late or early as it happens; and go to work when t to humour moves them, without system or forethought, go n-head as chance may lead in the mmmer, and in the fall grumble at the failure of their crops frpm unfavourable seasons. If any one takes this to himself, let hlm,—I mean it for him.

tirroimtivci: or AGIHCULTURE. Agriculture has been aptly styled “ the nursing mother of all the arts. ' ' moves a

It i the basis, the soil of our national prosperity. Com-

ud manufactures conduce in a great measure to wealth; but the cultivation of the soil ever has been and ever will continue to he, the fountain-head of the streams of a country's resources.

There can be no strength in state, and o moral health among the le, wlten the tillage ofthe land is neglected. \Vo can date the of power and virtue of many nations from the decay of their agrkniltural industry. In Iionie. for instance, when the wise polic offostering agriculture was pursued. a healthful spirit per- varied the w state. Then the laws were impartially ndniiiiis- teredaad justice done to all. 'I‘hen labour was accounted lionorn- hle.andstatoernen and generals and philosophers cultivated their farms with their own liauds. It was then, that from uinongthe tilltll of the soil, arose a Regulus, u Ciiicinnatus, an an invinci- ble soldiery. It was then, that tho “ scvcn-liilled " city hrcntlit-d defines to enemies, and caused nation after nation to yield to the resistless power ofher legions until the Roman eagle waved over the known tvorld. But when the ltirgesscs of corn were bestowed upon an idle populace, when a riculture was neglected, and war laid waste the fertile fields of Ital , then Roman vigor oon

trigue, vice, and vciiality took us hold in the state, until liiially the "pale mother of empires ” was abandon to her enemies, and the palaces of the Careers echoed the trend of the victorious

' ri. History abounds in examples illustrative of the iinpor- taat Ikct, that the enduring greatness of a nation is mainl founded upon its agriculture, and rulers will do well to increase I e prospe- rit of those who s'wing the scythe and hold the plough.

tconntry tvhich does not possess within itself the means of all‘ subsistence to its otvn inhabitants, is, if we may trust the voice 0 experience, destined to sink to early ruin. National potv- er, upon commerce alone unsupported by a flourishing in- dulry, which ministers to human wants and gratilications, must fall to the round. Merely commercial ‘ ‘ .de rident upon con- t ies or their very life-blood, and imbued with that spirit of speculation which tends to enervnte the body and corrupt the mind, contains within their own bottoms the seeds of dissolution—l’htnni- :3, Venice and Holland. of the sixteenth and seven-

cio Oari ' There is much truth

teeth centuries, all bear witness to this fact. in these verses of Goldsmith : ‘ ' 'I‘rade's proud empire hastes to swift decay, ocean sweeps o e away; While self-dopondont toil can time defy, As rocks resist the billows and the sky.’

To her unsurpassed agriculture, England is most indebted for en in the midst of the tremendous pressures which so often have threatened to crush her. It is the unparalleled cultivation of her soil that has enabled the British ple, laced upon it rock island, to expel the world in every unit: e of fabric, to maintain an unri- valled usv , sud laut their power in ever uarter of the Globe. Firmsrothe foua ations of the strength o tist nation, which in

of peseeis nourished from the resources of its own industry, and is war can rely u u the strong arms and undaunted yeomaary, to mstain its r tits in the din of strife or in the roar of brittle !

U a lcu tnre in addition to the necessaries and common com- fortsof lie, depends the auccemof every other employment. It h agriculture that builds a our crowded cities, covers our fields

w grain, and di uses life and vigour throughout the land. ' ultnre t t supports our gigantic mannfactorics, ringing basement to the attic with the nitisie of free labour, an cause our ten thousand ships to dance up every rolling billow, and their sails to every propitious gale. Says Lord Erskine, in h pslklml Romance. called Arniata : You might as well hope to man boil in active motion, when palsy had reached the heart of a tree flourishing altpr its roots were decayed. as ex- peette lssmsnafaoturos, or arts, or industry of any description, mm, when riculture has declined." Paralyae it, and you pulse enter ise, stilfen the linger of iiiachiacry. and clip the wings of botnni ostroy it, and you bury in one com- mon pars, astioaet power and indivulaal prosperity. -

.dllsr¢llnutous. -

IIIVILICII or uses airs saaas.-riss or ini.s:xir.ss. Thain in lerebthnh ' , ' I be — ..t.""’ ”=.p‘"m.s'"t .r waist’ i1°°.‘.".:l,'.l-..i.‘...".'..t

sset lets hes. sspretsswl ed ‘tied r . not. live mil-u-Tans is. sineai-i.uiii":'i.n.t.i.it

betuisstprsvise iaoetshrilsisslr. tie h :'a'atierIwrewlaa:fe;bstusstresra|snIcs.;r'e°tisoii'lil'iii ' .

Ith, float

iii

from thp weather. He does not, like the or find his nourishment under_his feet, but must hunt or cultivate the ground. 'I‘o ca .i- tats him for those necessary duties, he has received 1 bod tied for labour, and a mind calculated to direct his exertions; while the exteriial_world has been created with the wisest adaptation to his constitution—hav_ing the material for every necessary comfort and el nee he can imagine, or desire, or create by labour.

’ .0 man has a right to live, that does not earn his living. The _actipture tells us. " if ye work not neither shall ye est.” No class is exempted, and for this alone is man's body sni He cannot defy the doom without a heavy unishment. If he must not earn his bread him_self, he must wor harder than a post boy under the name of hunting, or he must tvalk up and down t same street, El“! El bllllflflli. bowling, cards, cricket, gardening, or at nuvi - "0"; ‘If he does none of t things. or similar, he must grow at, have indigestion, consult doctors, with the vain hope to baflle Na- ture with impunity for some longer, and after a few years of per- petual iiuensy fee ings, itis found, that his heart is diseased, his liver dried up. his 'oints ossiliod, he becomes dropsical, loses the Illegof one half of iis body, and is wheeled about in a chair, im- beciloiiiiiiiiid as well as in limbs, or he becomes meluncltoly or s_uspicious of his best friends, or by some such winding up, e ar- :lVcS at the last scene that ends his coiiiiiton-place eventless his-

;;.?..tL'.::.° ::>.’..°":.=..‘:;t:;.E.="?:°.’.*.' “““ ‘“"' 4" iv‘ < _ , . , juyt. .i orig.

No product of the vineyard, the field or the sea, however aided by inventive arts, will furiiis i n tveltzoine rt-past to one who sits lialftlio day on downy cushions. It is by labour that man compre- Iteiids the existence ofthe Di.-iiy, and the beauty and utility of his works, to adorn the earth and bring forth its productive power, and to expand the huiiian mind and bod '.

“very person insocioty slioiild produce pliysicnlly or mentally, as much for society as he reqiiircs to receive from society for its full eiijoyiiiont. No fzitlior can ti-aiisniit to his son the right to be ll.-‘C- less to his fcllotv Cl‘t.‘t.|lu|’QS. ’l'lio man who earns not his brand, but cats that of lt.ll<.‘llL‘=‘S, is, so f..:‘ as the origiiizil intention is coit- c0l’ll!.‘tl, loading it life of tl0‘lllIrtll iiiorality. A lllU|'tlI lllltl intellec- lu.-il bi.-iiig disdtiiiis to luatls rt lilii of uscli.-.-snL‘<~I, for ricli or poor, strniig or weak, every idle iitriiiibcr ofsimioty is either it lrnave or it fool. Even at the risk of being tiutiqtiatcd, we caiinot help quoting the following beautiful extract.

‘ ' iy. man of idleness, labour rocked you in the cradle, and has ll0lll’I$llt:tI your |l.’1II‘t]|Bt‘CtI life; without l:iliotir, the woven silks and ivool upon your back, would be in tho silIuvoriii‘s nest, and the fleece iu the .~lio-plicrd's fold. For the meanest thing that minis- ters to liuiiiziii ivaitt, save the air of lieavcii, man is indebted to toil; and even the air of (.iod’s wise ordination. is hreutlted with ltilioiir."

_ It is only the drones who toil not, who infest the hive of activity, like masses of corruption and decay. 'l‘lio lords of the earth are working men, who can buildup or cost down at their ivill, and who retort the sneer of the soft-li.indcd by pointing to their trophies, wherever art, science, t.‘lVlll2Z‘|llU|I, and liuiiiatiity are lmntvn. Work On. man of toll! thy royalty is yet to be acknowledged. as labour rides forward to the highest tlironc of powcr.—.’V'sw York Forster 4‘ Meclianic.

LETTER FROM AUSTR.-\LlA.—GOLD.

“The astounding intelligence of vast auriferous ridges being dis- covered on the soil ofthe iicighbouring colony ofNctv South \Vales, cniiio upon us Ili.‘l’0 in Victoria like a pool of thunder. It was only equalled by the gratifying cert.-iiiily of treasures ofthe coveted me- tal, hitherto liiddtm front till Jiurnsu ken, being found at our ow d \Vlintv'.'cr the ..lti.....te consequences may he, the resent cf- fect of tlicso discoveries is I.llllL‘lllIll)ll.‘, as the thirst for go! ltas swal-

otv up every consideratioii ofprudciico and forethought. 'I‘lie rage for its search hits done infinitely more to dcpo ulato and close tliu shops of Melbourne and every other town nnd amlct o the district, thnii the bush-fires and postilontial breath ofblack Thursday. l'liy- sicians and doctors have lt.-ll their patieiils to die or cure Iliorrisi.-lvcs; lawyers their clients; merchants their customers; and almost every body who can wield a pick or rock a cradle (and many who can do iieitlier) have left home and steady employment to brave the vicissitudes and dis.-ippointiiieuts inseparable from the life ofa gold digger; ttives and children are deserted by their natural protectors; _many villages are left entirely to the keeping cl’ ilie fair (shall [say in too many cases, frail sex) and not it mule inhabitant is to be Some of the mo.«:t respectable wurelioust.-s and shops in Mt-lbonriio liavu ‘.-ccn forced to close for want of hands, and seve- ral inistcis luv: i..:idc a virtue of necessity. and oitlicr accompa- nied or IlPii'\‘.\ -‘ll their scrvtiiits, drawn along by this strongest ofall iiiagiiets. ' ‘lie nu--t productive lit.-lds,yet discovered, are within the trifling Ill~’l.’Iii"<) 60 inilo.-i from Melbourne. My otvn liourc- hold has fully Sltll-‘ll illo coiiimoii fate, being left without it male servant uiidor t‘.'t y car of :igo,tiltliuiigli a week a six stalwart men in their prime were ready at my call. 'I‘lie scenfi the diggings and along the line of road leading to tlictii is said to of the most ex- traorditiary and exciting kind and resembling iictliing so mticli its the march and cncaiiipiiit,-nt of ti liirge besit-ging army, every dray, every oqtiestrian, lining full equipped with mining iuslruiiienls.

“Much evil is liirboded rent this reckless dcseriion of steady and legitimate occupation; nothing short of famine being prognos- ticatcd from ll want of labour to secure the harvest. I am lll hopes that the excitement is but temporary, and the immense influx of strangers lured to our shores by the hope of participitting in our good fortune, may ultimately cotnpensato for present inconvenience. Uf the existence of gold in the sister colonies of New South Wales mid Victoria, to a very great extent, there is not the shadow of it doubt; but tvlietlicr its discovery may tend to the happiness or the misery ofthe inhtibitaiits, is it question, that time alone can solve.

“ 'I'lie wintcrjust closed, has been it long and u looiny o 0. Much rain has fallen, which renders tltc travelling both ditlicult and dangerous from the primitive state of the roads, and mtiny fatal accidents liavo occurred, from iiicantiously crossing Iluutl rivers and creeks on horscback—bridgos being but ‘ few and for be- tween."

-.

THE AUSTRALIAN GOLD FIELDS.

The follcwingis an extract from a letter, dated "Melbourne, January 5, l852;"—“ The first excitement caused here was the discovery of old at Ballarnt, about 50 miles from Geelong. The whole o the population in Melbourne immediately flocked there, and many oftliem did extremely well; the majority ofiliem, however, got nothing, and returned to their several occupatioiis. 'I‘hese ‘di;:gings' have been totally eclipsed by the new ones disco- vered at Mount Alexander, about 75 miles from Melbourne antl 20 from Mount Macedon; there everybody is doing well, diid I could fill it quire of a r with instances of success. Men are coming down daily wit I pounds weight ofthe precious metal, and like fools many oftliem are throwing away their money and killing themselves with drink. Men who have ‘ ‘ "" ""*i' ' , -0" a few weeks‘ work at the ‘ diggins,’ independent. Societ is com- pletely upset. and it is a common thing to be stopped in t e street

ydruaken diggers, and offered £3a week to go and work for them at the ' dlgguis.’ 'I‘his is a sad state of things; but there is no doubt thatdiggers, at present, are better olftliaii unfortunate squat- ters. on of course now, are not to be had at an price less than £100 it your; in fact an able-bodied man can easily get an engage- ment in totvnto proceed with a party to tho ‘ diggings,' they finding him in every thing, and guaranteeing him an ounce ofgold (wliic is worth £3 here) a week. In fact, I know a man who has only just arrived in the colony, who has just started for the diggings wit i a party on t o terms. was rather astonished it day or two ago: sitting in M's otlico, who is n purchaser ofgold, about twenty rag- gi:-d-loolting rust-als came in, and the rtvcriige amount ofthe cheques I. ey got for their gold dust \vns about £300. . showed me one cheque he gave to it digger for J.l,:tl0. To give you an idea ofthe wuy’-in which the gold is picked up at Alexander, a young digger is

' writing at tlte same table wttli me--he is, to judge front his appear-

mire, I7 or 19 yen.s of aga—lie arrived in the colony it few weeks sgo, caught the yellow fever. walked up to Ballarat, did nothing there, trudged across to Mount Alexander, went to work with a tin d‘nh,and washed alone for three weeks, averaging half an ouncuisr day. He llien joined it party and tvent to work with the cr lo, and from tli:itttine,he ‘ " " , _ " . " , cu ll man. to is now having a spell in Melboerne,asd intends starting

l up again in a melt or tire. New I tiutkeepsr of ours in a shop

a

CHARLOTTETOWN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, TUESDAY, JUNE 1, 1852."

yesterday. I saw at once he had just come from the diggins, so asked w ether he was successful. ‘Oh!’ he said. ‘ Idoue a

deal better, ner when I was with you.‘ I asked him how muc had made. ' Oh!’ he said ‘ we only worked for a fortn' three weeks, and me and my mates cleared £59 s- loco.’ started next day back again. A friend whom I met at eelong me, that he and his party dug 29 holes and only t If I‘hey were nearly giving it up in despair, when the another. They accordingly went to work, a

252:

about two feet, they hit a on a vein of

and passing through the cre lo yielded Ial tipsy indeed, came up to me inthe etreeta day or two , a - dressing me in a very similar way, asked me. whether could sell him a station? uree said. ‘Certainly, but let me have a look at your gold 1’ ‘Oh!’ he said, ‘ on don't think, I have got say. don't you?’ whereupon he pull out abag with about lilb weight in it. I fully expect to find my partner she herding the whole of the slice on horseback, with not a man on the establish- ment. I tried to ire men to send up tothe station, but found it tit- terly impossible at absolutely ruinous wages. There is little or no law or order in this town now. ’l‘he police have all resigned their ollices, Government not being prepared to give them the wages the asked—l0s. a day; and I believe there are only six policemen in t to town, besides a few horse patrols. on are bein constant- I stopped and robbed, and a digger was rescued from t is hands of t to police for some daring robbery only two days ago. The mails also. on the principal line of roads up the country, are discontinu- ed II

The following is an extract from it letter dated “ Melbourne, Dec. 24, l85l.”:—'I‘lie sailing of any ship from this quarter ofthe world is now rendered a matter of great ditliculty and uncertainty by reason ofthe all-absorbing and astounding fact of gold being found l!L‘ft‘.'lll m-iny localities in quantities unprecedented in In part ofthe tvnrld, mid never before known in any of her Majesty’: coloiiivs. When any able-liodicd man can by little labour dig up four or live ounces ofliiic gold (and in some instances some pounds ivtiglit) in the cuimtc ofa day, he is not likely to follotv niiy ordi- iiiry labouring evocation. The male population of the colony of Victoria, by the census uflast Blorcli, appears to be 45,000. mill ill- tlic present time there are upwards of 25,000 of that population ciigagted at the gold tio.-Ids; so that you may, from this fact, foiiii some idea of the distressing condition, to which the settlers and llockiiia-tiers in general are rodticird for want of labour. All inter- csls are suffering in this respect, and \\ ill continue tosuffcr extreme- ly until a liostof cinigrunts shall arrive on our shores. \Vo ll.'l\'I.! \\ itli the utmost dilliculty and at great expense got our flocks sliorii this year, but we look forward with despondcncy to llte next. The profits of the gold field litr exceed any wages that we could ntlbrd to give, atid the prices of all sorts of provisions lirtve risen above .50 per cent. 'I‘lie grain crops (the finest ever beheld on the face of tlic eirtli) are now ready for the sickle, but no hands to reap. So that, upon the whole, we are about to pas-ttliroiigli It severe ordeal.

7’

Nothing will save us, butitninigratioii in swarms.

TIIE DIfUNK.\RD‘S FUNERAL.

A scans: IN Nswattx.

“ Can you attend a funeral this afternoon at 2 o'clock ! " inquir- cd it man beyond the meridian of life, who stood at my door, tvit' an expression of sympathy upon his couiitcnaiice—-“(Jinn you at- lend a funeral at the comer of n d —— streets ? There is a iii.-in dead there, sir ; and although he is poor, yet we do not like to ur him wi t some in o ’ r igious service. \Ve should be very glad. air. it‘ you could attend.”