Ex«ecutiIie' officers of the East! Prince Artificial Breeding Club,

OTTAWA — Controlled grazing of dairy cattle has been found to be an effective means of obtain- ing the highest productivity from pasture areas available for the dairy herd at the Central Exper- iinental Farm, Ottawa. Lo- gan of the Central Experlmemtal Fbrmvreports that several sys- tems have been experimentally tested to ,.overco_m_e the problem of seasonal variation in Pasture growth and minimize losses from aﬁimal V activity- _

.'l‘hat seasonal variation in pas- ture growth is great, has been sliown by determinations. made with common pasture mixtures where up to 80 percent of the annual growth occurred before the end of July. It has been es- timated tli t with the usual free range ‘gr ing, approximately 40 per cent of available forage may be wasted,by contamination with animal droppings, by trarnping, aid by animals lying down.

.The first system of controlled

grazing vI_;a_.§ rotational pasturing and the harvesting of early-sea- son surplus grass for hay or silage.‘ Tliist method of controlled I gfazing his hot been adopted wid- ely in Canada, probably because of the extra fencing and water- ing facilities required. . STRIP GRAZING g ~A1_.moroi§ecent system of con- . trgﬁedt‘ gﬁzing, termed "ciaily . stnill gnazing”, has lyauii tested

HEADS ARTIFICIAL BREDING. cm;

above. are, left to right, FRONT

Jim Harris, Walter Bernard, W.

Erazing Control Helps Pastures

at Ottawa and on some Bnancli Farms. The method consists of confining cows by means of el- ectric fencing to an area that will provide grazing for one day. One electric fence is tween two permanent fences along the advance side of the day’s grazing area. A second fence is strung behind the cows to pro- tect aftermath recovery. The lat- ter is strung in a manner to pro- vice direct access to the day’s grazing through the entrance to the pasture field. A constant wat- er supply is located near this en- trance. _The advance fencing unit is easily mved at the same time each day. It is sufficient to move the rear fence at weely inter- vals. As aftermath recovers suf- ficiently on the initially grazed area the cows are moved back to begin another cycle. At this time surplus grass from the un- grazed area is harvested for sil- age or hay.

stretched be-

Experimental evaluation of

(‘daily strip grazing” at Ottawa, has shownthat up to 26 per cent higher productivity can be ob- tained than with the usual free

range method. A study is now in progress to

determine the possible value of

A

‘mechanical graxing", which con- sists of .machine-cutting the daily grass requirements, and feeding the pasture to cows In the stable or dry lot.

‘F

a‘-‘Democracy must be defended Irﬁn within as well as from with- oﬁ-and the strength of that de- . will be chiefly in the abil- _ of the citizens to work to- : ‘her, in 5matters great a n d

all." ._ f:

roups a part of our soc- ld structure. We grow up in gtgups and they supply our needs and inﬂuence us. The fam- 113; the church, the school, our Wk and our organizations are Ilﬂmples of these. {there are probably three rea- _ 5 why we meet in groups, t, because there. are certain Illlgllgs which we must decide 1! since the decisions which we -ke affect all of us. Secondly, WC meet to; learn something and t, (Ill. because we enjoy'relax- in aninformal way, in the Wnpany of our neighbours. : VARIOUSBPINIONS we haveiall attended meetin-gs riometimes leaving for home With the thought, “it was a good “.‘_°°llI1g." and also too many I‘ s do We have the thought, Ilwas a very poor meeting”. _ question which enters our mﬁﬂds is “How does a good meet- K. the arrangement of the pro- 5 not “just happen", it takes °_'{8ful planning and active par- Egratiion of all interested peo-

---—‘-‘~

Meetings should be planned to ,8 into account the members’ Wits, time and place of meet- the arranegment of the pro- m and making sure everyone _ _ s his or'her job. IIEPROGRAM $19 progra-m should be arrang- ,‘ to include the business ses- . educational part of the pro- ’ I ‘ a_nd recreaton, with the dif- Ilt items balanced so as not 8 -‘fltend too much time on one .-l99t and not enough on ano- I‘ item. the business part of the meet- D“ should be brief and to the m.n.t' All reports should be sum- Wnzed and the business should t1.£.n:°nfl*ucted by means of mo-

[h%"'°"Y°n§. likes to learn some- 0 _3 “9\\'-;j§5l‘_he educational part bill“? nlgﬁtlng is accomplished mt-na ‘l’93l<8l‘. panel discussion. "n‘:rf~"‘l_'I;i’0SlUi1\. playlet. or de- d;_,:_}3lI0n. tienerally, Ihese b i 2:): serve to get people think- mllut the topic and are mst cw , ‘B it followed by lively dis-

5 . elgns In small groups.

Plcinning Is Needed Tot Good Meetings

ticipate. This in itself can do much to improve many of our meetings.. I

In general, there are three points to consider in planning a meeting, planning, procedure and participation. .IIf your meeting omits any one of these three, you will hear the members say on their way home, "that.was a» poor meeting.” Why not include all points and have a more ac- tive participating membership.

How To Smooth Farm Gullies Into Waterways

Overcoming the inconvenience

of gullies in a field is not such a forniidable task as it would appear. The farm tractor and one-way disc or P10W 0311 1,39 “Fed to shape rather large gullles Into smooth water channels that can be seded to grass The °n°'WaY disc is probably the _m95't ef‘ ficient machine for this Job-

A satisflactory grassed water- way has gradual slopfng 51565 with plenty of gwtom WIdth- Th,“ permits water to flow SeI!t1Y_1“ a shallow shet thus PI‘eVe“t“1g further soil erosion. Water mov- ing at a rapid rate causes ero- sion, therefore the waterway must have a smooth Wade Wllth no abrupt changes in 810139- Sharo curves which cause the channel to overflow must be avlided.

The soil that is moved from the sides into the bottom of the gully should be packed. Running over the fill with tractor and 1m- plement as the oPe1‘8ti°1_1 Pm‘ grosses will do a good Job of packing.

ROUND EDGES

Gullies with steep banks must have the edges rounded Off first- This is done by h1tch1ng_ thﬁ mac‘ tor to the one-Way Wlth ab°‘_’t 10 feet of chain. A chain of this 1ength will permit the tractor to operate at a safe distance from the fully. After the edges have [been pulled down the chaln can .19 removed and the one-way pull- ed in the normal manner. Soil farther out from the gully is then worked inward by successive rounds with the one-way‘. To kep a smooth slope It W111 be

omersplf enjoy relaxing in each 55-Md imflpany. Every program E ,1 mlude some form of re-

“: ln which all can par-

necessary to make several rounds -‘where the gully is wide and E and fewer rounds where It 15 ; shallow. ‘

‘A. Maicllennan, Frank Jsrdine, son Lotwther, Arnett Simlp-son, Ho-

2ND ROW, Ken MacLean, Hud- race Wright, and Elmer Waugh.

Planned crossbreeding in sheep will result in more lambs per ewe, greater vigor at birth, ear- lier maturity and a much bet- -:ter ﬂeshed carcass, than achiev- ed through the “grading-up” sys- tem commonly used in this coun- try. This increased yield is due to a phenomenon known as “by- brid vigor” or “heteIrosis". _Corn and poultry breeders have made real use of crossbreeding in Can- ada and sheep breeders in Great Britain are far ahead of this country in the crossbceeding field. In Canada at the present time, the lambing average at weaning time is less than one lamb per ewe as compared with one and one-half to two lambs per ewe in Britain where crossbreeding is used extensively. If Canadian sheepmen could equal the Brit- ish average it would make a dif- ference of from $10 to $20 dol- lars in returns from each ewe. This is, of course, a considerable difference in favour of Britain in flock and pasture manage - ment.

YIELD AND VITALITY

The “grading-up” system of flock improvement simply means using a ram of the same breed as the ewe flock. For example, breeding a flock of grade Suf- folk ewes to a Suffolk ram. Gen- etically, this is not a very pro- ductive practice as it is mainly a form of breed improvement and hybrid vigor gets little chance to express itself. Yields and vitality are comparatively low and lamb losses are usually abnormally high.

Practically all of the ‘Down breeds of sheep have a similar gentic make-up. That is, they are related and when crossed with each other cannot yield better than the average for any ‘on breed. If they are crossed with unrelated breeds, then the great difference in genetic make-up re- sults’ in full expression‘ of hybrid vigor. _

In Canada, a considerable num- ber of sheepmen are adopting the crossbreeding system and in Que- bec a well organized program involving several hundred farm- ers has been in operation since 1950. Quebec has always favour- ed the Border Leicester breed. This breed alone does not pro- duce a high class market lamb but by introducing North County Cheviots for crossing with Bor- der Leicesters and using Down ram on the hybrid females, an excellent market lamb is now being produced. This “two-cross system” is popular and not dif- ficult to organize.

TWO CROSS SYSTEM

The “two-cross stytem” gives theseveral sheep breed-s a Job to do. One farmer produces Bor- der Leicesters, another North County Cheviots, another hybrid females and others the necessary Down rams. A systematic pro- gram is thus developed, some- thing entirely lacking in the ‘fgrading-up" system which at best is a rather haphazard meth- od leading to a motely collection of lambs of various sizes and qual itles with varying degrees of ﬂesh

Contact us now for

Watll ‘Paper

Montague

Sheep Crossbreeding Produces Good Results

ing and finish.

At present some sheep breed- ers in western Canada are using the “single cross system" on quite a large scale with range ewes. They simply use a num- ber of black-faced rams on the ewe flock, then later a number of Ramboulllet rain: to ensure tllock replacements. All black- faced lambs are marketed off grass.

If a premium market devel- oped for hybrid females in eas- terncanada or on western farms, range ewes could be crossed with North Country Cheviot ‘or Cor - medals rams to produce» such a famale. .

The ‘,| Dorset Horn is a special- ity breed that is not utilized to the fullest extent in Canada. It has the capacity of breeding at any time of the year and so can be used to produce lambs for special markets but only a very few operators cash in on this pos- sibility. If Dorset ewes were cros- sed with North Country Cheviots or other similar breeds, the fe- male progeny would carry the out of season breeding fac- tor..This could be used most ef- f9°t‘1V91Y in a commercial way.

Iron Injections Speed Growth Of Young Pigs

A recent experiment conduct- ed by veterinary medical scien- tists in the United States shows that the growth rate of newborn pigs can be increased by injec- tion-s of iron. The Calnadian Vet-

erinary Medical Association says the study showed pigs which re- ceived the injections before they were a week old weighed about three pounds more when they were weaned at eight weeks, than pigs which did not receive the iron. The iron was injected intra-musculanly in the form of iron '- dextran. The Association says there were no harmful ef- fects from the injections.

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Phone 32

"Soil Sampling Need Stressed

Although this is not the best time of year for soil samples to be taken perhaps the following instructions will be helpful this an-tum-In when by sampling, ac- curate infonmation as to the needs of the crops to be grown can be determined.

Results of samples taken to the laboratory at the present time may not be available in time for use this year, for this reason, sampling in the fall of the year after crops have been removed is’ recommended.

Samples of the soil fortesting by rapid chemical methods is an exceedingly important part of the procedure. Single samples or samples not truly representative of the field in question are of lit- tlo or no value.

Each sample submitted for tes- ting should be a composite of from 10 to 20 samplings well - distributed over the field or area. The number of places from which soil is taken will depend upon the size of the field or area. SEPARATE SAMPLES

In fields or areas having more than one distinct soil type, or im- portant differences in past treat- ment or crop growth, separate samples should be taken from each part. Likewise portions of a field which show definitely poor- er results 'than the average should be sampled separately.

When taking the sample, ex.

soil vertically to full plow depth using a clean spade or trowel. Then take a thin slice (about 1 inch thick) to the full depth of the exposed face except in the case of permanent pa-stures and lawns. In these cases a 2 to 3 inch depth is sufficient.

REMOVE STONES

The soil from the various samp- lings should be thoroughly mixed and the larger stones and coarse roots removed. From the mixed soil take about one pound or a half pint. If the soil is very wet, dry in a clean place at room temperature (not in oven).

Pack the soil sample in a clean, non-metallic container.

Each sample should be clearly marked with the number, nanne of the field ‘or other identifying mark, also the name and address of the sender.

Send the soil samples to the Soil Laboratory, Experimental

Station, Charlottetown, Prince Ed- sed

ward Island.

A questionaire available either from the Provincial Department of Agrucu-lture or from the Ex-

perimental Station should be filled ou-t and returned with the soil sample. This is important as re- commendations cannot be made without knowing what has been grown in past years, the treat- ments received by the soil and

Barley Losses Can Be Cut In Threshing

sed injury during threshing op

seed is to be subjected to any of the modern methods of loose smut control. R ec e nt experi- ments at the Plant Pathology Laboratory in Winnipeg have shown that the severity of injury to barley sed from these treat- ments is related to the amount of mechanical injury done to the sed in threshing. It is cracked or otherwise damaged seed that

merit. MAJOR DISEASE

ried within the sod. Actually it penetrates into the sed where it survives the winter and then produces the disease in barley plants grown from this infected

Over the years many attempts have been made to developme th- ods of loose smut control. These methods have mainly been based on the discovery that sed can withstand a higher temperature than the fungus that lies dormant within it. A method of some in- terest is one that has been em- ployed in India, particularly for killing loose smut in wheat. The Indian farmer simply soaks the

pose a clean face by cutting the

farm.

CANADA

other similar information.

sed in water and then spreads it in a thin layer in a packed

I

CANADA PACKERS LIMITED

CHARL_OIETETOW‘N

SERVING THE FARMERS or PRINCE EDWARD IsI.

-m

3. Boosting IsIancI Economy.

All possible precautions against

erations must be taken, if barley

Guardian - Patriot — Tuesday, May 20, 1958, Page 93

Experience shows that nearly all samples of feed thought by

users to have killed chickegﬁ, prove on laboratory examinati , to be perfectly harmless.

The first impulse of many poul- tryment when serious losses oc- cur in their ﬂocks, is to suspect the feed and submit a sample for examiniation. This course of ac- tion. seldom brings a solution, as more frequently the cause is dis- ease. The proper course and the

is killed by the Spergon and water-soak methods of treat-

Loose smut is one of the major diseases of the barley crop. Con- trol is difficult because the fun- gus causing the disease is car-

alive or seeon after dath.

recognized, of course, that diets

immdiat on, is to have a poul- try pathologist examine a few ef- fected birds while they are still

When feds are found to be the cause, it is almost always a de- ficiency in the ration used, rath- er than harmful ingredients. It is

for poultry are sometimes defici-

Say Proper Use Of Feed Important T o Chickens

ent in vitamin A or D, riboflavin or managese, which may affect the health of the birds, but such health changes do not occur over- nightand an observant poultry- man will notice these changes before they reach serious propor- tions.

In a great many cases the feed is changed when there is an out.- break of disease or some mortal- ity in the flock, and when this condition is corrected, the origin- al feed islblamed, and the new one praised. This is not necessar- ily true, as in a number of cases the disease has run its course and there could‘ have been the: same number of survivors on the original fed. With coccidiosis, for example, the serious cucle of the disease runs for about five days.

courtyeard to dry in the sun. During the drying process the seed is raised to a temperature that kills the fungus without de- stroying the sed. It should be mentioned that this "method can- not be used effectively in Canada because the temperature of sun- dried seed would not rise high enough to kill the fungus. HAS FAULTS

For many years the so-called hot-water method of sed treat- ment has hen the chief method of control. It has always been difficult to apply successfully be- cause the temperature of the water during seed treatment

A glance at the above map shows the location of Canada Packe-rs Plant, ideally situated in the centre of our agricultural Province, to best serve the needs of Island Livestock Producers. I

When it comes to marketing hogs and otI'Ietr livestock, it is essen-‘i tia-I, in order to get the best returns, that you have a ready market that pays top prices, located as short/, a distance as possible from your

, Canada Packers in Charlottetown provides Island Farmers with iust I such a market.

Remember, when you ship to Canada Packers you are

I. Assuring yourself of highest possible returns. 2. Patronizing Home Industry.

4. Creating more jobs for Native Islanders.

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SHIP YOUR LIVESTOCK TO

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AN ISLAND MARKET r-on ISLAND LIVESTOCK

AND

must bevexactly right to kill thd fungus without injuring the sod. If the temperature is too low there is no disease control, if _ too high there is much seed in- jury.

In recent years, water solu- tions of the chemical ispengon have been found fairly effective for the control of loose smut. Quite recently it has been found possible to control loose smut simply by soaking the seed in water at room tempenatuire for a certain length of time. Both methods, however, tend to kill

a certain proportion of the seed.