l - NEWSY

wabns 1n run LAWN i. Weeds ill 1111 1 - the muior triiublgivnofaliaiftnanfxlgtiirgi!

th: pniloscphci-‘s point of new but 1t 1.11m; how they’ 1111ta1e the 1 ~ 1,1 11,. gardener TO rid 111- 111 11395 of“ [he pesky‘

thinos man .

been“ dcvlscvil, Obiitixlatltewplgsm 11.111113 55 that 0f the Iowa State College It 1s briefly described here. Danqs; lions 111111 other 103.3115 ma‘, be 1111b 0:1 wgthcut 11111111311 1,, 111C grass bv spraying 111v cnLrc lawn witlfpinig White kelcicne, two quarts, to each 10J square tact. “It is 1m 0l‘l.fl“il; that nct more than five pms be l-‘ied- Bhd that the spray be 11m. 1.1111121. ..~"'f.'."'.1.';'.iil;i. i11'~'¢1.y forbidden. s are Do -

The time to e tli- '-~1

1.5 most 13211011811115. 0115111111“ Z1112. ma) be Llilcd as tvell as the weeds, Eailv lall is 1.11.» srason which 1m, ail/Bil the best results: for most localities spray 6 to 8 weeks be. forc the .1113)’ A1 the Iowa Clllifie 111-“ 1 time was found to be 111s at icon of 11 coo; cotiziv (fay 111 late 52111011111121" with the temperature 60 to 70 degrees, Undcr 111350 conditions the of‘. Goose not evaporate tlll it has pens- blfli/od deeply into the roots of the

Weds. e crass. recovers before thc cold _v\'ca 1‘. and docs not. \\'1II’1'.‘l'-1(1ii. 11>; it wctiizl if the

spraying la put off 100 late.

A "UQICYC-ftllfl-ill101"’ picture 11f 111: Collcac campus Rives satls. factory proof of the sprays ef- fectiveness. To 111C right, the luiiyii reseiublfis 011': of our badly 1111951611 fields cf d sics; to t11e| Il_3li—\\1l’.‘1'8 11.0 ,\])i';t ,1 111,15 CM- tied cub-I c1111 S(C two weeds

C . that shouldn't bc thcrc! DESTIIOYING TREE STUMPS

Stnnerimcs 1t ls izrcassarv to ye- rnsvc tlic stump of a large tree tsiat has barn rut doxvu. 1111d the task ls 110 Oasv one. Dr, wit, of 1110 "rrcc Research Laboratories, S11111fcrd._Con11., replying to an Biiqiiiiv in a frardcninlg magazine, tells of a method that deserves to be widely known. “Bore one or more holes i111 inch 111- two 1n dia- mclcr. and to a dcpth 0f 18 inches in the slump, and nut in each 11:1 ruizsc or two of salpstrc. add yvat. or and blur: up 11211111’. Some months latcr put about a izill of kerosene in the liolc or holes and ignite. The stump. if dry enough and satuziitcd with thc saltpetrc, will sinculdci‘ away ivithcilt blazing and lcnrr 1111111112: bill. asllcs."

'I‘liis and 11in urcvious note de. acrve a place in vcur scrap-book,

A VALUABLE NARCISSUS

Plant-brrccks soinctimcs “strike in thc ((11112? of their more 0r iCCllCllf-JJtli vcrv i111ercsti11.g— 1c“ Walter Ware. on Eng-

_l1 11 1112111, struck it rich. 111 the eailv 1900's 11c began 11ybrid- 121112 Daffodils iNar-sissl). and in

n bunch of scaorinns which matur- d in 1915. was an

' large

and ,a

Thcres

. .. - : 11 deal- aiu 1111 1111-1 two bulbs for out $11110 111111.150 (lays. L111- :~ ' ' bulbs to Hol- Thc. Dulcii ' quick- 'n ovc: .\ rcrnted in ncr bulb. I11 a l" it was still per bulb. a distant of a

London. his hobby were just 1 a r111 y .

ll .. 1 l 1| b. vi ulu li-piuk , 1 l~ 11.1.1101 flliil‘ hisl \\' i1. boilzht‘ c-rhrisicn- altcr that iucizlriitally; 111211011 out

0i

IN l'l-.‘Ill'IlEI.I()Y»l

;1rll1 will b: ill 11:". lionl o - lrv 211d. ' at i>.l c1 11s annual l

when it is l

. Lckc IIIQ>I j l'l-‘i'l‘ is c".1i~ 1 111 111." rlis- 1 '\ 11.1 fllficr-

his vziar. tll-tflllflt‘

r-rm nicrc hoot-only ‘g placo! Said a '-' "It's

i011 . northarn hemis- phere has a longer suinmor 1112111 tho southern hPIIIlSDIICIPI you W111 rcallzc this ii‘ you ("llllfll the days

s. or "-

T1107 ‘ (‘fut i":1r:1 lirat to" the sout1...11 llFilli‘!lllCl‘(‘ has =1 disndvnntaar; for whcrc there 1s. a Wldc sir-rich of lauti lilkf! Aus- tralia and Cam Colony) it can pro- duce lcrrlblc (lrcuzhts rc=ultln2 in 1 cnor-nious loss cl ll\1"s'lCCi{. And nzirt of lhcstr- ("llll\l1'lf‘< arc- (lcscrts

Tlir-c is. I 1111111’, nnotlzu" angle to this. and mic which directly lif- pcte, 11111-=:~ 1:11, Air. wlirn hcntcfl. rists and iiidizccs coldcr air t0

11110 11s nine". Th" (‘X1171 in 1'90 11111111 is. 111 nll prob- ‘ the cau<r~ cf our co'd

rrn 111-: Arctic regions.

MACHINE

IRON

a1 quaan sr.

NOTES —

B! AGRICOLA

Til-s percentage given is not in- variable: some years the calorific "mil." ‘>1 141° 11111111111 111 "below 3:- 5a 15a‘ 1923. for instance. it low no o] be 4 or 6 degrees be" 1921 l nna. while from 1918 to 1n- 11l1l"li1=“‘5°1¥°.1é'..‘.§"52i “t”

agrap 1s Wfmct. these variations will ac- count for milder or colder winters 1n these northerly areas. Here is a problem for our observers,

"SEA- COAL"

C0111. as fuel, a Britain by the axétfiisttnfiddl? several records of its use and “mhiflllflfllsts have exclvateh sq. 161651113‘! W; 011-mils) on the Roman mil a W ere store: of coal were

111i - The subject Britons, who "Y"! 111 what 111111111 be termed Wllwflms, heated them by mean, of Vi t. urnt on a flat stone in the 31nd: of the structure, the mo“

n t! 115 Way out of the open- 1118 1115f served as door. Almqst Within iivinu memory this method "K119811114! was 1n use in the more Pflfgslitillc districts of the High- an .

‘There is a long interval 111 which we find no authentic record of the use of coal in the North‘ but in the "Boldon Buke” of Bishop Pudscyh (1180 A.D.) occurs the en- try: At Ekscotmbe. near Bishop Auckland. a colller holds 11 toft and croft tcottagc and field) and four acres. providing coals for the cart smith at Coundon." That, Ls the first known record of coal- minin in England.

At e same time there seems to have been considerable “sea-coal" gathered for domestic use. This ccal collected from the beach 1n those districts where the coal Sea!“ °\11¢1'°PDe-d under the sea. At first only used in small domes. tic trade, a quantity shtpped so I-Oildfifi Rove its name to all coal, liowovflr produced. The monks of Tynemouth were shipping coal from mines in the eighborhood of Newcastle 1269, but. it was landed in Innclon as “sea-coal."

The sea-coal does not seem to have been popular, owing chiefly to the smoke it produced: and this will not stifpfli-B us when we know that _ the "central heating" as practised by the Ancient. Britons, was still carried on. It was not till the time of Edward III that chimneys were introduced. and it was later stfll when the fire- place ivas removed to the side of the room. where the construction of the chimney was a simpler matter.

B111. I am rather ahead of n1y story. stoke. an old wrl der date 1306. says. dams of London would not. come into any house or rooms where s-ea-coalcs were burned, nor wi]_l- llllllly eat 0f the meat that was 91111011 sod or roasted with sea- coaiefire." The "nice dams" would be finicky domes 1n modern par- lanice. ese some "dams" felt so strongly in this mattzr that F.1- ward I was peutioncd to check the import of the "Sea-conic" and he prohibited the burning of it in 1191111011. But in a fcw years after hlsdcath i1- bccame more popular and was used in the Royal Palace.

Queen Elizabeth, and hcr ladies disapproved of "sea-colc“ but King James appears to have liked it. for one of his subiiects wrote: "The folc said sea-coo and pltt cole ome tlic general fewelt of this Britanic'Island used in the houses of the nobilitie. cleargy and gentrle in London and 1n all other cityes and shires of the Kingdome, as ivell as for, dressing of maatc. washing. brewing. dying. as other-

wise." Only during the reven- tcen 1h century was the prefix "sea." discarded. and the name -

“Newcastle Goals" was frlst sub- stituted for it in 1649.

The Newcastle Coals were taker. dawn the Tyne 111 "kzels" tbarzesi

- and transferred to "colliers" at the

mouth of the river, for export. The “Keel Row" may be called the National Anthem of Tynesldc, and dates back at least two centuries. By some odd quirk it has come to be ca'led a Scottish tune over here. but I never heard of “k-eels" being used on Scottish rivers.

VICTOR HUG-Q's EULOGY

The other day, while looking over an old scrapbook. I came across the following quotation: it is said 10 have been written by Victor Hugs, 11s he‘ contemplated the wonderful services rendered to the world by Britain over a century agoz~

"Qvcr that sea. in calm majesty lies the proud isle whose existence consoles mc for a thousand con- tlncntal crimes. and vintiicates for me the processes of providence Ycs. yes. proud Britain, tncu art. .lu.tly proud of thy colossal str ngth-more iustly of thy God- like repose. Stretched upon the

ck. but not. like Prometheus. and with no evil bird 10 rend thy side‘. rests the genius of Britain. He traits his hour. but counts not the hours between. l-lc knows it is rolling up through the mystic olcom of ages and that its chariot is guided by the iron hand of’ destiny. Dare I murmur that the mists will not clear for me. ‘last I shall not. hear the rumbling wheels of the chariot of the hour of Bri-

tain? w11 come—it is comlnK _i1, 1111s come! The whole world. aroused as by 5021K! 1111811111’ 281- vanlsm, suddenly raises a wild cry of love and adnilririon. and throws itself into the bounteous bosom of Britain. Hcnoeforth

there are no nations. no D6091??- but. one and lndivisible will be thv world, and the world will be one Britain. l-fcr virtue and hcr Dal-1- ercc have triumphed."

Nnw I have 1.11»: principal Works 11f Hugo on mv book-she f. but find nothing llkc the above Dro- phecy in them. But rather I find a covert resentment. of the victory

A WEEKLY COLUMN

NATURAL RESOURCES HABSHFIELD.

I CONSERVATION I

OF PRACTICAL OPINIONS OI Till. VITAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE USES AND ABUSES OF

BY MIL LUDLOW JENKINS.

WILD DUCKS IN CANADA (By Tony Lascelles 1n Nature Magazine)

It has been the unhappy experi- ence of the past that when orga- nizations directed and controlled by laymen and generously financed by commercial int/crests have at- tempted t0 restore wild life popu- Iatlons for the sole purpose of meet- ing the immediate demands of s rtsmen and the aspirations of

lied manufacturing interests their efforts have invariably defeated the ends they sought to attain.

At the present tme. an interna- tional organization of the sporting fraternity (Ducks _Unl1mitcd—Ca- 11111111111 formulating an ambitious program designed to restore depict.- ed waterfowl populations. especi- ally the more cdibie species of ducks. in ordsr to satisfy the glin- ners of the United States and Ca- nada, and. incidentally. t0 keep the sale of ammunition and other sporting accessories on an even keel. The restoration of the breed- ing areas in 131s drought-stricken parts of Western Canada. and other

efforts to restore what we have destroyed through the years. are expected to crowd the skyways

with countless whistling wings.

While it is rvrhaos too early to sneak with authority regarding what benefits \vi‘l derive from a policy that seeks to restore a piti- ful remnant of waterfowl to the generous proportions of other clays and at the same time permits mil- lions of scatter guns to deliver a withering hall whersver they abide. one may. nevertheless. tvondar by what. miracucus means sportsmen can hope to outwit the laws of Slmllie arithmetic‘ and defy the el- emsniary decrees of Nature.

Long lines of "paying guests", at ten dollar: for fifteen duckscrowd commercial abbatolrs in the Unit.- ed States to pour gunfire into be- wildered flocks of migrants. scared from privately-owned baited areas for the purpose of slaughter. and cold storage houses preserve thousands of canvasbacks and red- heads to be sold at fancy prices tn men 0f wealth and standing. And. to our shone, the American market hunt/er still plies his nefarious trade almost within sight. cf the Washirigtno Monument. still us- ing a huge market hunter's gun, outlawed. but still active.

One might also mention the ne- gative enforcement of the Migra-

at. Waterloo. the issuing of false assignats during the Flench Re- volution. and a prophecy 0f the doom of the House of Lsrds. is constrained to blcss. where 11c came t0 curse.

Are we on the cvc c-f fuliilmcut? At the end of this war there \vill— there must. bc—grca1 and grave changes. and the ilaticns. 1f civil- ization is to endure. inust- unite in that Parliament of M1111 which

I Tonnyson 581112 of. and the 11032111‘ of Nations prcflgurcd. A11d tak- l i111: into account her stupendous

' giflqrificeg 1O [IICSCTVC flCCfiCill 11'1- ternational honor and iustlcs. \v11_n so fir; for the leadership as Bri- tain?

NOTES ON ISLAND PLANTS

t | The Lcguminosae 1J1) l Two species of Swect Clove." (ltlelllotusi arc founzl here: both introduced. The \‘l11i1c Sat-ct

4M. albal is the c0l1I111Ul‘.“1‘I I 1111111"

ilound 1t grcivinz on sholl-iiclttas n1 lthe Rustico district. and bCl.\\f‘C!l ithc fiagstoncs c_r pavement in the 'city. At one tuuc it was cxmrl- ,mented with as a forage plant and 's:11i rcnewei‘. but scents _1o 111112 lciropped out cf sight again. It r?- lquiics plcntv of linic or shell 111 the soil and no doubt 1'1 was thc absence of this clcmcnt which militatcd against its success. In E11 land it is termed the “White Mcllot." from its scientific name: which means time honey-lotus. It has a pronounced frag ours. w11ci1 dried; 11nd l-caycs pressed in a book retained their odor or tiftv vcars. The scent is 1112111131] with that of the English "Wcodruff" (Asperula odorata].

Two years ago I found 1.11s Yol- low Sweet Clover. or Mclilot. 1111. offlcinallsl, growing in a field 112.11‘ the North Show. and Mr. (llcii Currie wrote that it was ll'O\\'_ll‘.€{ in the New Wlitshirc dlSLIlCLI

plant 1n the Island. I11 France the Melilot, is styled the "Treile cit. Bokhara," which points to an Asiatic origin. 'I‘l1e snoclflc name “0ffic1nalis". lmDlics that it was formerly used 111 mcdiciiic. but I have no roccrd of what it was a rcmcdy for. I11 Switzerland the flowers and seeds of this plant and the blue-flowered M. cacrulcus, were dried. reduced t0 powder. and mixed with the curd. to flavor the chccas-s called Schabzlcgcr. Sturdcvant says it ls an ingredient 111 the Gruycre cheese made in the same country-and a rare good chccsc

it is!

The Black Mcdick (Mcdicagtu lupullna) of Ma:S\valn's list. is- 11. rciativc of the forage Alfalfa 1M. saliva). It is readily known from our other Trefcils by its black nods and luxuriant growth. Its various names. Nonesuch, H01; 111111 H111; Trefoll. tell of wide distribution. I Franco 11 is the. “Treflc nolr". "Trcllc jaunc pztilc“ and "Mir- lirot." I11 Southern California. says Sturdcvant. the seeds a1".- mucli relished by the Indians.

The two introduced Itohlnias are

REPAIRS

ENGIN ES-IMPLEMENTS-MILL MACHIN ERY

FOUNDRY WORK

AND BRASS

CASTINGS

HALL o STAVERT

C HARLOTTETOWN

1"\.'_\",\.;.§-5~5.1Z:'.,;.zQli!¢L11.n.1=.L-i.i11+3¢ s.‘ A». .

usua‘lv found as cultivatml trees ul‘ shrubs. but 11s they are mentioned in previous lists I conclude they sometimes escape from dens. The Common Locust Pseudo-Acacia) has seeds wlizch under pressure yield a largo quan- ti‘. of oil: 1': e this quality by boiling and so furnish a pleasant and nutritious article of focd to the Indians cf southern Pennsylvania. Th». (llctmmv Locust (R. vlsrnsa) gets its name from the glutinous twigs and lafstalks. I l'€l'lt‘.‘llli'lf‘l' to have 15:11 1‘ec 1.1 1:1“l1\: u ' u:

td-lirtusddiedgos in tlic City. We stll have the native vetclies and pros to deal with before leav- this of

important family 1 plants.

1

Bu‘. l in the quotation H1120. like Balaam. .

these were the first records of 111c-

thc izni'-< ill. 1

they av:- quite acid. but. 1

tory Birds Convention Act. DNCCI- mg crime and every form 0f evo- s1o11. Even “conservation leaders" appear in court charged with in- fractions of the duck laws, lead- ers who advocate and support the proposed new program. "Business as susual" appears to be the war c1'y of the sporting clans, a busi- ness worth about two hundred million dollars annually. a business that will not be denied its "rights" even in the face of disaster.

It. is indeed unfortunate that a degree of insincerity should dom- inate the conservation creed of practically every North American sporting organization, and the tiarlous sporting publications whose chief concern is advertising rather than orderly recovery. And the latest faction in the field appears to be n0 exception. In any event modern biological practice, non- existent 1n sporting organizations, considers that exploitation should be incidental to conservation, and not the reverse.

No policy is sound that over- looks, among other things. the ne- cessity of restoring depleted game populations before even a measure of renewed hunting is allowed. The naive belief that. it is possible to control the slaughter of a form of animal life whose range covers almost, the length of the continent during the fall and early winter, and at the same time restore it to normal population levels while it is subjected to the death-dealing hazards of millions of guns. is not only biologically unsound but an obvious lmpossibltlity, And this is apparetnly the insecure foundation upon which the new organization bases its policies.

Is there any wonder that a host of non-hunting conservationists and Nature lovers, and a certain class of hunter with a biological knowledge of the wilderness and its ways. are fearful of the activi- ties 0f such organizations? Other game birds and mammals have been victims of the concern of commercially-assisted lay organi- zations. There is little hope 0f 4es1oratlcn if the candle continues to be burned at both ends.

It ls not; too early to criticize certain policies in attempting to disprove the assertion that the major contributing factor 1.0 the decline in numbers of waterfowl is lack of water, and that the res- toration of prairie breeding areas will assure a generous addition of waterfowl populations. In the first pasc. the thousands of grassy sicughs and rush-lined marshes, _ tlic original habitat of prairie-lov- ing species. were erased by the plow niany years ago. Strage. is 1t not. that the decrease has continued season after season without abate- mont?

The modern convcrsationist be- lieves that super-destruction is the cause, the slaughter of parent stock and increase alike. And as for the doubtful possibility of re- storing water, food and natural oovcr to more than the merest fraction of these drained. eroded. dust-flllcd and seam-cultivated depressions. one may say in a‘l sincerity that the proposal is the armchair dream of a boudoir the- iorist rather than the plan of a FDIIIDCiCIIL field biologist. In any event, the value of their rc-crea- tion dmcur". ontircly upcri the supply cf birds, for what use are resurrected brooding areas without prospective tenants? And after all. one cannot create a supply of liv- illg ducks from the muzzlcs 0f mil- lions of guns.

The balic-i that the shortage of watcrfovrl is caused by the general . RIJLCIICC 0f water is another fallacy quickly exploded should one care to survey intelligently the sloughs. pot-holes. and marshes of the near North wlicre there is ample room. waicr. focd and breeding shelter to accommodate countless thous- ands more zvaterfowl. th cnormal pcptraticn of former days. Why w: ~v about dronght-stric ken ic regions when a generous environment. already occupied by the surviving remnant of prairie- brccdulg ducks that of necessity Changed their habitat. awaits the opportunity again to produce? Surely we cannot attribute the piti- ful deficiency of canvasbacks, red- li-cazls and other deep-water vari- ctics to lack of accommodation 1 ivlicn the deep lagoons and marshy ‘bays beyond civilizations rim

cmpilly await. their return; let us

remember also that practically

cvcry bird that survives the ardu- l on‘; journey from the south. on its lway to breed within our borders. laccontplishcs its purpose. The ' blasts from the muzzles of millions of 1111115 1e'l the story of depletion |wiil1 far. greater sincerity and nlausilillitv than an ill-considered 11111111111 iuvcntlon. Waterfowl. not watci‘. is tho crying need of the hcur.

Willi 111i: in vlrw. one naturally

world-tr.‘ why any organization lsliculd plan an extensive campaign lin n11 attempt t0 build up a rent- nanl population cf waterfowl while the 111111; continue to take their ex- czissivc toll. mognificcif gesture without blo- lo: col slonlfirance -—a red herring arr s 1111'. trail.

Every wildcrncss biologist is awarc- that the only practical way 1:1 l‘("~.'lO1'6 tho population of any ~....rs of animal life suffering from cxccssive exploitation is through the medium of closed sca- ssiis exiculdinq over n. sufficient number of years. A Utopian sug- flY-‘Pcn. to b4- sure. and rather out c in on rwc that apparently . \ .- nnc r1111 CCl1l‘1‘11'-3 10 e11- ioy the whole cake while devour- ing the last of the crumbs. Is it