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PIIIINTING IIIWI AND VIIWI OI INTIIEIT 1'0 TIACIIIIS AND ALI. OTIIIIS SEEKING

IMPIOV IIINT

opumissn ls'an attribute of suc- ,,,.1u1 people in every walk of Me, The world is attracted by .h, cheerful. hopeful Pinon. the Lm-ghlc "groucb" is shunned. Cer- Iainly the chronic grouch has no plgcc in the classroom: She is constantly, complaining. and yet she seldom does Inylhinl to im- prove herself. She infects others Wm. the "blues" and before long the whole school is a sad place. The optimistic teacher genuinely believes that things will turn out all right: she is never depressed. she has faith in herself: ithe in- spires the same faith in others.

There is an attribute of optim- ism, the sense of humor. which W” s; one time practically pra- hibited in the. school-room but is

there. In some schools still. joy and mirth are refused admittance; the boy with a smile is looked upon with suspicion. as though he has done or is about to do some- thing t at is not in accord with the rul . But as a general thing, these days. the ability to laugh is recognised as one of the quick- est ways out of trouble. A teach- er with a good sense of humor can often pull herself out of a serious predicament. Moreover. this qual- ity prevent. her from yielding to despair when burdens seem un- usually heavy. Cheerfuiness is very infectious. and a happy teach- er is a good index to in busy. con- tented class. Happiness. hopeful- ness. and good humor are neces- sary elements in a personality of

now regarded as an essential the highest type. SCUTAGE shield."-loney, from the latin year in the time of war. In 1159 word for shield. Mon-.-y paid in personal service in the army

place of service. Under Norman rule the service due from a sin- gle khlghrs fee was that of one lully armed horseman to serve in lhe king's army for 40 days in the

might be commuted for a money payment.-shield money. With the money from this tax the king was able to hire soldiers in lightpfor him.

RAYON . i

As early as 1364 a Dr. Robert Hooks sussested that sums and resins could be used. but it was not until 1885 that the first "arti- ficial silk" was seen. It was de- veloped in London. England.

Rayon is a textile f'bre made irom cellulose - that abundant iubstance of which wood. cotton. rcgetables - in fact. all plant life .s composed. At first the cellu- .ose used for rayon was obtained from cotton iinters the very rhort fibres left attached to cot.- ion seeds after "ginning." Soon I was discovered that Wood is also a plentiful source of rcllulosc. IllfI so nowadays, spruce lrecs provide the raw material.

The trees are cut down in the iorest then taken to pulp mills vhere the bark is removed and the wood crushed into small chips

and mixed with water. These chips are then cooked in huge kettles and the cellulose is cxtractr ed in the form of short white fibres which are pressed togethert into a very heavy. thick paper and sent to the rayon factory.

At the rayon factory. the sheets are cut up and soaked in caustic soda then shredded and placed in bins for forty-eight hours to ripen. After ripening. the material which now looks like soft white crumbs is dissolved in chemicals and changed into a liquid. Then it is forced through perforated disks like salt shaker tops callcd spin- nerets. After the rayon iii0m9'1i5 emerge from the spinnereis. they pass through an acid solution and solidify. After washing and dry- ing. the" rayon yarn is ready for twisting. dyeing. or conversion in-

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GENERAL ELECTRIC

LUMI-BOWL LAMPS

u Pittsburgh

IN IDUCATION.

lo fabrics for clothing and other uses. Rayon is used a great deal as a staple fibre. Thousands of filaments are combined into an un- twisted rope then out Into short lengths by machine. it is then spun into yarn in exactly the

Let the class choose some art- imal. insect. bird or fruit to de- scribe. and then give them 10 minutes to think of suitcble words which will describe them.

Then divide the class into two teams and let them line up on opposite sides of the room. Play- ers take the letters of the alpha- bet in turn. the first player be- ginning with "a". If dog is the

it was applied to the lscdy of per- sons who gave such advice. This was the meaning givc.-1' to It in Walpole's time.

There had been cabinets befo-e the time of George I. but they had nearly always been selected by the King. He decided when they should meet and what. they should discuss. However. since George I knew no English. in 1717. he stop- ped attending the cabinet meet- ings. This meanf having another leaders Since the members of the cabinet were thought. of as the King's ministers. the head man of this council was called the first

LIGIH

When raindrops are very large they break up. in falling. into smaller drops. This breaking up causes a separation of the positive and negative electricity on the surface of the drops. When sim- ilarly charged drops run together again the amount of electricity is greatly increased. If the chalge becomes too great for the drops to bear. an electric current passes from the cloud in which the rain is formed to another cloud or to the earth. The air In the path of this current is suddenly heated: hence lhe blinding flash

Thunder is. of course. the vibra- tion caused by the sudden expan- sion and contraction of the heaiu-l air. Though thunder sounds like rl continuous roar. it x practicu- l-y an instantaneous explosion. The roar is caused partly by the incl that the flash is usually several miles long. The sound from dif- ferent parts of it reaches the ear at different moments: and the echo from adjacent clouds or hills is also heard. "Summer lightning"

The Schumrln Plan calls for the pooling of the heavy industries of France and Gcrmany and of any other European country which wants to participate - under coll- frnl of a "joint high authority" whose dccisions would be binding on member countries. The anti.- ority would seck to modernize production and improve its quality; supply steel and cool on equal terms to the French and German markets and to the othrr member countries; develop joint exports; and improve and equalize working conditions in the member coun- tries.

The Schuman plan was given President Truman'.V full and wholeheartcd support. "This pru- posal provides the basis for estab- lishing an entirely new relation-

1. Why was the control of the Ohio Valley important in the rivalry between Great Britain and France in the years immediately preceding the Seven Ycars' War?

The French had located on the St. Lawrence River and the Eng- lish along the Atlantic seaboard. As long as their seltlr-ments were small and separated by miles of wilderness. there was little direct clash between them though there was fighting between the two In- tionalities in other parts of North America. When. however. ' La Salle's exploration of the Mississ- ippi was followed by the found- ing of New Orleans and the link- ing of it with Canada by the Ill- inois forts. the English became alarmed. Whether deliberately planned or not. the effect wouill be to shut the English into the narrow strip between the ADMIS- chlan mountains and the Atlantic. This became the more apparent when the French began to con- solidate the shorter route between their colonies by ITIBIKIHR formni oialm to the Ohio Valley and building forts at strategic points in it. There had been border laids before. such as those spon- sored by Frontenac. but something of more far-reaching tcnseouence was presaged when. In 1754. it force under George Washington was defeated in its attempt to dislodge the French who were building Fort Duquerm-. where now stands. The strunle for the Ohio Valley now

turned from a mere desire to control its trade by alliance or dominan of its Indian to a def-

inite determination to tccuoy and settle it. The clash in 1754 was followed in the next year by a disastrous attempt by Braddock to capture Fort Duquesne. These events occurred before the Seven Years' War had actually began in Europe. It is thus apparent that the control of the Ohio Valley was of vital importance to both the French and the English col- -onies and that the struggle for it was hrinsin! the two nations to war regardless of their rivalry in

1- BI neat and accurate. Watch. your apsillnl. punctuation. and sentence structure.

I. Don't divide. a word at the end of a ma except at the and of a Irllable.

3.. indent the first word in every

um! way as wool and cotton and on the same machinery. Some- times it is mixed with these two fibres. In its continuous fila- ment form. rayon is knitted into ladies' hosiery. The spun staple Flynn is used for suits. dress ma- terials and hosiery.

VOCABULARY GAME

must give a sentence in which the word describing dng begins with a. as "The dog is an active animal". The player opposite now gives a sentence using a word btzinning W"-h ii to describe dug. Thus the game proceeds until the entire alphabet has been used.

A player who hesitates too long or who lzives a word that is not suitable loses a point for his sidc.

animal chosen. the first player The team with the higher score wins. CABINET Cabinet used to mean a small minister or Prime Minister. room. Then. later. it came to The ideas to be remembered mean secret advice. Still later. about the developments during

the time of George I are these:

1. The King stopped attending the cabinet meetings.

2. The cabinet was chosen from the party in the majority in the House of Commons.

3. The he d of the cabinet was called the P ime Minister, nnd he chose the member of his cabinet.

Another name for cabinet is executive council or government. and the party Ln the majority is called the government party.

Every member of the cabinet must be in agreement regarding the laws which arc being maric or the policies which are to be carried out

NING

or heat lightning. is not ll differ- ent variety. but is merely causr-ll by the flash belnlz below the horizon. or behind a cloud. so that only the reflection is seen.

Rain in a thunderstorm ncts us a lightning conductor. carrying .1 great part of the electric chargcs

safely to earth. Lightning is a huge spark of electricity To get lightning. you must have -.1

charge of electricity. An easy way to get it is in rub two different materials together. When you Stroke a cat, you are rubbing your hand against the cat's ful. When you comb your hair. you are rubbing your hair v and the comb together.

Whenever two things rub tu- gcther. there is friction. Since charges like those we have men- tioned above come from rubbing. they are often called frictional electricity. "Static" rn-cans "starti- ing still". Charges of electricity often do stand still. But WI'iI"l you see sparks of static. the charges are not standing still.

THE SCIIUMAN PLAN

ship between France and Ger- many and opens a new outlook for Europe." he said.

The chancellor of West Ger- many. Konrad Adenaucv, said that the plan would eliminate Frnnc:- German friction over the Saar. With the Saar output going into a common pool, the question at" whether the Saar was French or German would lose its significance. The coal-rich Saar basin has been a bone of contention bctwc-in France and Germany for over 150 years.

The most valuable individual in an organlzation'is the cheerful. hopeful human. Cheerful people refresh us: hopeful people help us; and in knowing ibis. it is everyone's duty to perform his or her part of cheerfulness.

HISTORY

other parts of the world.

2. Define the following terms as they are used in the Canadian system of government: Spenkcr .,-2 the House. Minister without Port- folio. the Speech from the Thronr-.

The Speaker of the House is the chairman. chosen l.y the mem- bers of the House of Commons from amongst themselves to pro- slde over all meetings of the House.

A Minister without Portfolio is a member of the Cabinet who does not administer a department of the government.

The Speech from the Throne is the address delivered by the Gov- ernor-General. the representative of the King. in openins. a session of parliament. Actually thc speech is prepared for the Gov- ernor by the government of the day. and its chief feaiurc is an outline of the business to be dcalt with during the session.

3. Explain how responsible gov- ernment operates in the Domin- ion Pariiament. in regard to: (I) the selection of the Cabinet; (2! the public revenues.

The Governor-General calls upon the leader of the party having a majority in the House or Commons to form a government: that is I0 select ministers for the various administrative departments. The leader is the prime mlnistcr. and he and the ministers thus chosen compose the cabinet. They must each seek approval of the ap- pointment by seaking election by some constituency an.i thus -Jic lirlnciple of responsible govern- ment operates both in the choice of the party and in the selection of the personnel of our cabinet

Responsible government operat-s in connection with the public revenue time all bills involving the expenditure of public monsy must originate in the House of Commons. the body elected by tho people. Thus. if a cabinet rc- fused to rosiizn after rn advcrlc vote in the House. it could I..- renderod helpless by the refusal of the House to vote s-lpplil-s.

POINTS '10 REMEMBER WIIEN WRITING LETIEIES

glas. 4. Fold your letter neatly ne- fore putting into the envelope.

5. Put yourself in the reader's place and keep his interests in mind as you write.

6. The writingof a good letvar

Darasraph and leave suitable mar.

. .

- . ires time and effort.

1. Your letters :08 eonalltii try to -23.73 In eating and entertaining. . Search for and study letters that have been written by lid letter-writers.

1. Optician: 2. optometrist: l. sympathetic nervous n-stem: 6. -.- .. - ” : 5. ventrlcl-s: 6. plexus: 7. pineal gland: 8. gin- givitis: 9. allergic: 10. clopheies: 11. caffeine; 12 cardiac; 11. audio- n!u-ter; 14. platelets; 15. rigor mor-

is.

(a) The rigidity of the muscles that occurs at death; (b) certain small corpuscles believed to play a part in the clotting of blood: (c) a conical knob of tissue pro- tuding from under the side In the brain; irlv one skilled in the grinding of lenses for glasses: also one who deals in optical instr:--

mcnls: iv) an interweaving of nerves: (fl nn eyesight special- ist. He examines eyes and pre-

scribcs gizlsscs: (gl the ganglia which lie along the spinal cord. l gclhcr with all the nerve fibres that grow out from them: (hi a drug prcscnt in coffee and ten; (ii an antiseptic solution in wa- ter: such solutions are ieferred to as non-irritants since they do not sting when applied to a cut: (I) an instrument for testing hearing: (kl the condition of being un- usually sensitive to the protein in a substance which. in similar amounts. docs not affect most rcopic; (1) related to the heart: (ml the mosquiio that carries the germs of malaria: in) the two IOW- cr chambers of the heart; (0) in- flammniion of the gums.

HYGIENE OF: DIGESTION

l. The amount and kind of food should be adjusted to tile work of the body. Vitamins should be supplied. '2. The "balance" of the ration should be maintained. 3. The food should be clean and pmpcriy prepared. 4. Usually the heariiest meal should come after the day's W0” and should be preceded mi 8 I3-"-"I rest. Only when the brain or musclns are not workim! CM! "'3 digestive organs get a PWPBF Bu!” plv of blood. I 5. Eating between meals -5 usually .1 hnri practicre. especially in Ihp rash of sweet food. as I prcvcnts propcr desire for. 3'id digestion of. the solid food whifil the imdy requires. 5. Wntcr should be drunk in abundance (Six to Willi? EIHS5” pm. My), especially between meals. hm not to W"-'11 MW" ""' chewcd food not 10 U005 the stomach mcaliime.

7. It is unnccessary I0 dW'”1 upon the importance ul thorolliil

chewing. The smaller the ff0':li particles. the greater the sur he cxposcd for dii!05ti0i'i imd "'9 I i”

burden is put on the stomach- Thc starch digestion in the mouth may not. be very extensive. but thorough mastication prevents overeating and too rapid eatins. both of which produce more in- digestion than all other causes pill fognfher, "Lr.-rive the table hun- my" .5 .-l good rule for most D00"

lc.

i" 8' Ignore certain popular beliefs. such as not eating protein and carhohvdraics toceihen ,

9. Excrcise. study. W"W- 0' am, severe physical or mefli-ii nciiviiy nt or near mealtimes in- terfcrr-s with dilZCSii0ll-

10. Regular attention must he nix-cn in the removal of waslile from the inicstine. as many -; ncssns: can be traced to lack 0 care in this I923”!-

ASSIMILATION

Much of the digested food which is carried by our bodies Is used for growth and maintenance. BY 5 proccss called assimilation. disent- erl food can be converted into liv- ing matter. This new llvlnl maid tor may be used for STOW"! 9' to replace injured or worn W1 matter to maintain our bodies. By means of assimilation. the IM- tcrinis contained in milk may "fr come fat: and substances compo!- ing meat. potatoes. and itiivilce may become human matter.

COPERNICUS (1473-1543)'

The ancient Greeks and Egyp- linns thought the ea:-tn was the centre of the universe. Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer Oi ihn second century after Christ. He wrote a book describing how the earth stayed fixed in a Dr'- mancnt place. while around,it re- volved the great hollow spheres cullcll the heavens. But Nicolaus Copernicus. a Polish astronomer. who was a young man when Co- lumbus discovered America, real- izcdin ncw truth in the science of the Heavens. He decided that Ptolemy had believed the earth was fixed and the sun moved around it from his observation of tho Grcar Dipper moving slowly.

night after night. around the North Star.

Cnpcrnlcus understood that it was the earth's iurnin-I on its

own axis which gave this effect of movemcnt to the sun. He went to the University of Cracow. in Poland and afterward to Bologna and Pndua. in Italy. in study as- ironomy and mathematics. He also prepared himself to practice medicine. For a time he lectured on mathematics 'In Rome. He rc- iurncd to his native country, tl thcn. having cnicred ihe prib '- hood. he settled in Frsuenburg. Prussia. where he was canon cf the cathedral and doctor to the poor. But his interest In astron- omy continued and increased. Cnpcrnlciis concluded that the earth. itself a tiny part of the whole universe. not only rotated on its axis. but also revolved around the sun in the company of the other planets. It was dan- gerous to give out such an idea in the 16th century. The churnh and scientists alike taught that the earth was the centre of the univcrsc. The writings of Copernicus were finally road by Pope Clement vll. who was inclined to ap- prove them. but,Copernicus him- self would not let them be print- ed until near the end of his long life. A printed copy of his work explaining the revolutions of hu- veniy bodies reached him on his deathbed. The Copernican theory was then so tartling that it was thought nece sary to publish the hook with a statement that it had no claim to he in fact. but was only one man's ides gun the

- .. thetyis the IOIIIIMIII ed the this edaeeefastrveemy. He whehesrsIsest.grlew-smestf-or vn&ltims.

ll”. uwaanca snawav

nuns waterway as a defense Ines- aure Is still under consideration 'n Washington. The waterway may be essential to provide an ade- quate flow of Canadian iron ore to the U. 3. mills if ih-. threat of war grows.

The U. 8. has exhausted most of its reserves of high grade orc. In a war emergency. it would have .to rely on imports. with Canada becoming the chief source of supply. Without a deep water route. it would be dilficult to

1 keep the mills supplied with ova.

Quebec.-Labrador offers the best possibility of providing the need- ed ore. Unlike the rich iron do- posits in Venezuela. it would not involve ocean transpnrt