V‘ '

l‘1*lilll$l§“i..il3?3-,.. . ti . ’ rnanoinon. svtnsr

'. I,-

ll, or ms nnssux r WAR.

-no‘ir‘i°-rs boxsrscrilm. 1'0 mi’: racism‘ mu‘-

rp rl.')a"ur"aa't‘ .ini6lligant m3lLm1Vlll8.ill_¢°mm9n En- glish or French .societ were suddenly asked to giv‘ 9. brief, a clear, audva connected account of all the nsaetlons of the Russian War-.-from the be- ginning-of it to its present eta’ ‘-—he would first. perhaps, be sur rised that anybo y should need sucti 'irrfor'in.ition. .it he would immediately be stil mire surprisezi, to liiid how diffi-:ii_lt it was for him to f tru'isli'it; that, instead of being able to state, oﬂ'- and, in their real order and due arraiigeineiit. the facts required he would be obliged to ask time for reflection; and tlien,_even, time to make some pgrfhmncgg. He dwould‘ diﬁcoyer that he Lt&d,“l‘llde}e‘t§l, in ‘s’ mind ani ea 0 a tie eveiitsg Ill at _|3 impressions, though very vivid respeciiiig the prin- cipal particulars, were, after all, a mass of ana- clirouous entauglemetrtand historical confusion.

In some degree, this is always the case upon the occurrence 0 ln0m8llIl0llS,&'l‘ld pbrgracted lll‘l8I'ltl:»- ti l l —- nti ,time as it given 0 e

iilific i:o“lf:'ee8°i'isellf' from the first exciteineuts, and

romhthehmultlfarious, triitisttory, d_el(;l:;3l‘ls ‘try wh‘ lt_ey,are atten . ‘er_aps lit‘ ‘ _ ie verg; facilities which now exist or. piiblfshiiig diurually every premature version, ivhicti may at- rive’, of affairs interesting to the public, have coiitri- bnted to heap upon" the progressive reports of this great war a burden of crude messages and an- nounceinents, which confuse the true chronicle of facts- and in short, roe have uolso much to learn I/te glory is; to recall it succinctly, and to unlearn. (lie ‘_m my successive rvrtisstaleirienlszof it. Already, the newspaper records ofa single year of stimula-

ting and, to our generation, novel and porteutous-

intelligence-—with secotid versions, and third ver- sions, and corrections and alterations‘--exceed in bulkythe immense liistor in which Gibbon chron- 'icles' the stupendous revo utious, the many niemora- ble conflicts, and the countless European vicissitudes of _/t‘/ism centuries.

-it is'time to weed this literary, wilderness; to preseﬁ‘si"onl'y what is valuable; to put_eveii that in its riglit placasand tositpply o compendious, lucid, snzl oeliable narrative A o a conflict which might be said -It'l'hlV0"lJ0On"l0n ‘impending, and yet which virttf§l_ly‘uiok"Etrrope and the world by surprise.

rrasi 'rs'i‘ito'n.: ixvisioii or uonno-wsuacnrs; AND sure or RUSSIAN ‘moors.

It was towards the end of August, 1853, that the ﬂrst.Vienria Note was declined by‘ the Porto; and not very lon afterwards, that the second was premptdrlly rejected by the Czar. But nearly three men I earlier, orders had been dispatched from St. Peter urg to carry the Russian divisions forcibly across the Priith into the Turkish territory—thus malrln .war,~ ‘but not declaring it. On the 3d of JnIy;‘,' _e'ord’er‘ was executed., Those rich corn coniitries werefseizod ; taxes for the maintenance of eight thousand troops were imposed by the Czar u n ur millions of the ‘subjects of‘ Abdul-Med id-

hari, and contracts fbr nlne"'mfmtlis were base: on these new igpposts; thopannbe, the greatest inland highiggy inlilurope, was brouglit under the iqv elrsigpi ediate and striiigeiitcontrol; the

ifratvge ,.'%ci>,oeed; a Provisioiial Adininis-_ ‘at, hejlfteeo _,of iwhich Prince ‘Michael Gori- ol_f' was‘ noriiltiated to repr’es,e_nt with an renie powe'i‘iI"‘t'li‘e ‘uiidednable Pto,teototiite,‘o_f Njcb Ins, was ' tb;bli§iied;‘tiit¢i, iii_'slioi"t, (lie; zar carri in. to e mews: ‘claims coticerrji"in'”:t,lie admissi- ' idlf “Mt! abllte mlliie i,.1i_e', holding an ,’ ' ""vfitlt'I kl‘Efil‘ppe. he ‘move- ment , in difstitrirq K snttrapidty. 0 I,n"ihe, very‘{rs!‘li‘fd&tlce,‘ﬂﬁY.“l. Sittitl fl‘o_o ‘s":hp'f which, rhs ," when were csvalry‘,'ttnrl"whi

pe _. _ w'ere‘,at- tends wittrprriportlonhte‘psrlﬂofartillsry (seven-0

Hog ' trali scha

2‘.’»l.'U,-'1-l‘i.'l(l

there be sitch a body, it is that of the 60,000 or 70,- not) Guards The chief ticular in_.the annual expenses of the State ist at of the stipportof its armunents; Mid, in theory, the country . beln.g_ con- sidered, sufficient sums ate, p_e_rli§ps, apportioned to thepnrpose. But in practice, these sums are misappropriated; a great part of the isidney is inter- cepted before lt can reach the soldier. borrn ion and veiuiliiy corrode all departments of thetrii Jtary aditiiiiistration. The Guards being ,t:0n8taiit_ly ,iiu- der the eye of the Sovereign, escape most of_tlie frauds, which, where they can be prac , injure alike the treasury of the State, and _the comfort and efficiency of its defenders. In less favoured regi- ments. a gold imperial must be spent, in order to do badly. what a silver rouble ought to have done well. The . Colonels grow rich, while the soldiers perish of cold and want.

Bu when it is the system to select for the first har ships of every enterprise, that part, of the soldiery who are the most reduced and damaged by the effect of these practices, it may easil be con- ceived in what condition some of the ha f-starved Russian divisions, after a fatiguiii march through difficult countries, appeared in t ePrincipalities. We speak not of those who had but to crosst e Pruth from the borders of Bessarabia, but of ‘t e great masses who were simiiltaneously liiirrietl

rom distant points to support the advanced guard. The first Itards/tips, in truth, were not for the first comers. These were naturally the nearest. Osteo- Saclren‘s corps was in movement behind, when Gortschalroff and Luders were entering the Turk- ish territory.

The Czar had lon succeeded in raising a party in his favour in Mol o-Wallachia; but, be it observ- ed, it was only a party; it was not the le, it was such a party as he has in Prussia, or in‘ en. 'l‘bat such a party existed in the Principalities, is proved by the fact that, before the Russians had sent one soldier across the Priith, the Divan of Moldavia assembled, on the 14th of June, at Jessy, and there voted an address of s in thy .snd ho- mage to the Emperor Nicholas. thecircuin- stances of the crisis, sympathy and homage amount- ed to an invitation, which he scarce|'yr_i_eededL'

Five days after Prince Gortschaltoff had, passed the frontier stream (more fatal thanthe Rubicon), he assisted at a “Te Deum,” which was intoned with solemiiity Church of Jas'sy., I

Afwcek l'ater—that is on the 15th ot‘..J_ulv’,-in. stead of the seventy-two guns with. whichihe. Rus- sians had onto the country, rli in Jessy alone 144 heavy pieces of artil cry; and this great park and 40,000 men were instantly directed to advance upon the..Danube. In another fortnight, having put this formidable column upon the march, Prince Gortschalroﬁ‘ was [60 miles away, at Bucha- rest, exchanging compliments with the Bishops, who had there assem led__ to give him welcome. Thus he was solemnly received in the respective chief cities of the two provinces. Between-his stay iii the first of these capitals and hisarrival in the other, Ghika, the Hos War, had sent to the Sultan a memorial of so equivocala natfire that it was con- sidered a renunciation of the Ottoman allegiance. U:iJer this impression, which was perhaps 'ust, Abdul-Medjid deprived him at mice of the lite to

ready _ been practically ex_c,1'iided9... First. the_Rus- siaus robbed him of the possession, and then the

Divan deposed him from the dignity. ‘The in- vaders, with whom he temporized, terminated his jurisdiction de faclo;_ and the Stlzerain whom, he betrayed,’ abrogated~it dc jufs. Ghilra shortly afterwards explained his coiiduct, and w,as're-_ad- mitied into partial conﬁdence at Constantinople.’ .

_ Csar felt that he had now talren steps from whichlie could not recsds without incurring humi- liations abroad which might impair his authority‘ at

' be

,home,- and,"pevchaiics, imperil his dynast .

armaments o1.Russia,_theref‘oro-nto use a svourlte

‘Y"‘“’ "l" r‘°‘v °““3° °.'‘“.'”‘.’‘ ‘‘'’"_°‘ “bed term of our dlPl’0ll|Ilt with such ac- into i suditiese troops w virtue ylmt - - ~ h - no -um-ed in-mi or an imer-don one bfocsupn-' h.‘.'iL'é¥:-.'l's3.‘s -'~ .f.l'a,‘f.‘i,'.°..‘3.’ill.3;'i,"L';ii§’ iii‘? s}'é§§i.f.£';’2'§§i

tion. 'l?ws:iminsuss-lines of‘ march-'-one‘ from the centre of European iterate,‘ and ‘another, equally long,,froi_n the very confines of Asia, were all alive with stated, IItwt..Iitccedins escli other, and in; forward to‘ a common ,dss'iiostiori‘. Klierson and Kiel‘ moved there who were to

‘rein lace

the lrxrisou ot‘ Bessarﬁbltt; and l-h,O'YBGlll§,all_ re- mote_ ‘cantontneiits ivare, tlieir,tnru, siipplf by the advancing colusins .l‘eiirids sndrthe ii

ssaclrs ofllulsowoand the Ukraine. They cnilne

-ih°tt“tI:litildci:‘n of$’II§i:ieﬂ&'FulldI'ETTb8'fOll‘S‘ races "fl ,1". .3 ,5.’ _ . , .1. .<.>°' °¥l°li.fin manve.n.',iaariv.,r ,bu ull.siiir«i. auiilﬁrinod into the orig huge, sysidin of‘-niilitary tyranny and religi- ons ﬁuraticisriwe The -worst, and cheapest troo ’s‘ camellrst. V Tliis’ £l§Oett‘_i,Ia£y_.,l'$i:ﬁ,l"ic._d e

pur;,‘iei.i',' H _ t'e cienl- an _ tl , fre ' :;.ltI¢,a$gi ill ,tlri:fi'supeditioi;ary'divif sioiis,-a part at less . |l.|g.;llt30' part, of their best

6. W

sold‘ ; sud if,-‘wlien t g the "utii:_'consisle:!‘!‘or|%v;ér’1‘Jrﬂg‘,.'toldie , ey were ,tarm,' ', ","_',.id train6d,wf?xI'oiIenl odd’-ftionol. ' nil» scrupaleris cstiI'oa.. Very diqﬁrsrie hem such troopﬁzlilb rtmisssisn §GldlGl'U"lh0':l&y' ' ‘. into _o avi there isno ‘W’ " ll-Na. .9! ', eve £{’l.V!Oill10.l'lI and measure. pﬁr of‘ 0th C . *1’

k_yl§d‘o r I , ol lag;-'aod.ol' oquip-we Drﬂﬂﬁ‘ 9! ,,_ If

had gone, me arm" of 0

his hands, the Autocrat decreed, on tlie23dof J iily, a new conscription of seven in, the thousand. Meanwhile, a concentric despatch of troops was

‘ continued from all the‘ southern provinces of the

empire upon Bessarahia. _, They arrived, diseased, ill-provisioned, exhausted, after a desolsting march sometimes thousands of miles, over roadless coun- tries. intsimlls TAR!!! 1!! ms nrvstv Attn nlim Pso- , eﬁaotsos or trite tit Anna

On the other older, the Sultan was not inattentive to events, nor unequal to his dangerous and difﬁéult position. He had to [provide against attacks in Asia, as well as to a. ,,tlie_l;,:,nro seat of his G0Yetuu'il$nL ,Sq ‘ _as the ﬁgrnltine, Selim

posed, would place Constantinople its worse» ii-

"°d tion thanl the~lnvader's having ‘ "liﬂkpporia I“om&rut"f‘ ”ﬁﬂdim r' ‘ll "9" -cl“ ‘.5?{.‘1”i.:";.‘.".;'!.’.........r r...':"a.i.".'

which oaresponds

3t‘Tii1$'ti'i?'&'£'a?l“%“¢is-°’u”i£‘ii'N’i‘i‘ilr'9”vr.'l.is

.HTTMX[)

- , :°.:~;:i~

. 2 l3"“l'°l‘°‘”W'l2 No.79 ,..'$1%!llt .5..l§lEllll‘“Y5.T"”°‘5°.l!1l9F 16, 1854-

at St. Spiridion, the great Greek-

that ofﬁce, from _the_ exercise of which behad ,al-,

Paoha, was. r ''' " kier in Anatolia, and in large armyzwas _ - r his command. The ehqipe of this ofﬁcﬁ‘ , _ , unfortunate as that of 'nn,l:I'ﬁ:ac'l.i.it_ in i ' "'0 ti!!! . I I ject was tel net I vance -ef theltiissisns ,, , ,_qoii‘gih soothe‘ (hem ol.tho;3‘l'sc-,lt S08 tUK9..lh?¢, .iino:z._n.

phoriis, and off the .Golden Horn, might await events with tranquil deﬁance. More than this, a arm in Rounielia might be said to have ‘crossed the allrans only to perish. ' A victory near Adrianople. over ,a fresh and ' vigorous Anglo- Ereuch army, would, to those wearied troops, be a tmral impossibility; while retreat over the moun- tains would offer the alternative of certain annihila- tion. But, if a large force froln the Transcancasian ,‘ prbvﬁces could succeed in pushing through Ener- ,onnt and Trebizond. and occupying Anatolia, ‘then both the Channel of Constanliiiople and the Straits of the Dardanelles would be effectually commanded by the enemy; the key of tlie-entrance of the Black Sea would be in his hands; and he could imprison in these waters, or exclude from them, the maritime defenders of tho Porte. A favourable moment would then allow the Russian legions to be thrown across into the very metro lis.

This Asiatic danger being averted, Omer Pacha was appointed the Turkish Geiieralissinio in Eu- rope; and so soon as the news of Prince Gortsclia- kofi'”s invasion had reached the Divan, Omer was ordered to break down all the bridges over the Danube, and immediately to adopt wliat strategic measures be deemed advisable for’ the defence of the State. This was on the 11th July. At that time the‘French were holding their camp at Helfaut, and we our camp at Chobham. , There was 11 great and unaccustomed activity in all our dockyards ai.d arsenals. The some noise of preparation resoiindéd in France. But the ﬂeets-were still in Besika Bay. We feared not ‘that we could be locked out from the future scenes of naval coiiﬂct; Worohzoﬂ' and his troops were a thousand miles inland to the East, the Turkish levies of the new Seraskier lay be- tween, aiid the castles of the Dardaiielles were in the proper custody. All this was true, and we knew it: but not one grbat General was in the ser- vice of Russia, a fact on which we could not then presume; and one great General aided by fortune, and commanding in Armenia, might have reversed the conditions we have enumerated and made a ,speedy and disastrous change in all the circumstan- ces of the situation. It was still a time of political suspense; and while ,Umer Pacha was proceeding to the Danube and Prince Gortschakoli’ was exer- cisingall the despotic powers of a conqueror in the Turkish territory beyond that river, actually press- ing into his service by f enlistment the very Boyards whom he could not induce by persuasion to joinlthe cause of the invaders; While the Grand Duke Constantine was at Odessa, urging forward ;iriih- vehemoiico the couceiitration of troops, the ,olltIt of vessels, and the accumulation of all the liearis of; an immediate and desperate struggle; while Italy and Hungary and Poland displayed new-signs of disquietude; while Austria was re- pairing her fiiiaiicial resources and silently collect- ing her military strength; while Servia and Bosnia were breaking into insurrection; while the Ottoman Empire was couvulsed with its prodigious exertions to use and yet to control the explosive passions ivhich now raged and ravened for a vent——wlii|e, for example, at Aleppo, on the 9”! of August, a con.- spt'rac_r/_to mzwder all the Christians was with difﬁ- ciilt assuaged (rather than siipress-ed); wliile al- rea the clash of arms began to be heard, and blood to flow, on the banks of the Dttiiiibe‘;-—whi|e this was the state of Europe, war was yet nowhere declared, not even by Yﬁarkey. And to show the wonderful ,del_usioii of men’s minds, we may men- tion that so late as the l7th of August, the Austrian Consul-General at Bucharest announced iii a letter which was at once published, that he had received positive, news of the establishment of peace.

Trade was not yet quite suspended, and corn, was shipped fmm Odessa in very considerable quantities, just twelve days before the Austrian Consul’ very Austrian announcement. But great storms ,’gnn_tioiv to swee _ the Black Sea, wliile _ihe presence and the processing: of the Russians in Greater Wallmhia imposed new di'fﬁcultic'.s.oii the export of grain from that important cereal outlet and emporiiiin. On the 25th,‘ it was known that one thousand ,vess,els would be required at the suhneh Month, to ship the arrears. It is, therefore, not an ising, if "we take this aahut asample of the difgziilties arisiu ,, that something very nearly a proachingto a dgarth iv felt nt t e close of l '3. That,year,_which_ha begun, wit so ‘fairs promise, eudediu gloom arid. alarm. A scarcity prevailed; a pestilence after forty years of peace, improvement, and civilization, _a vast war, to be waged with new and more terrible implements of destruction, was at hand; and none could pro-, mise themselves that they should ‘witness its. termi- nation. ' .'

Darker and darker, by swift gradations, became the color of ‘events. The cholera and the hosts of General Luders were heard of together in Bessem- bis, and together thcyentered Brailow. On the lst of September the Sultan ordered an immediate levy of 80,000 men, which was answered on the 24th by a ukase of the Czar, calling out a new conscrip- tion, though he had, only two numllia and a day be- en, by a similar measure, torn so many thousands of his wretched serfs (the only weslrhot’ the Mosco- vite Boyitrds) from thei pa hbotrrs. _

Four days after the I _ ,3lIerilf. Pflnce Gorisishalrnif. who was , mbout twenty- ﬁve miles from the great river which he had orders to pass, issued a lamatiou, concliidii with

wm'ds:'—-“ Riissia Ii! cs led tel

Illblaﬂgtbdthootlhewouldoppon

acres anvaarrsaa.

her in that sacred mission shall be aumhimed

with the Pagans-l Long Ii’ e to the Czar! 1. life to the Deity of the sst'ans."’ So ‘the 0:15

preesloiis have been, and, no doubt, with literal ex- "¢llll!d°. translated. _But it is quite evident, that the Vlfillbllmeﬂlllllg, in Russ, of the‘{voi-ds render- ed by “_lon'g life to,” is “lmrrah or,” and that fl‘? mentmn 9f the Supreme Being, y a brutal and illiterate soldier, unused to composition, was intend. ed as merelv symbolical of the particular religious cause for which he was come to do battle. _ ut, even, with this palliation, a more barbarous mlnifeg. 10 could scarcely becited; and the recederice niven to the cheer for the Czar over tlie cheer for the l‘zsr’s Maker (unless a climax was intended by the .l(‘.C0n][)llSll9d author), indicates the very peculiar uatiire of Russian fanaticism. In truth, fanatics have always fought well; and these poor slaves tight badly. 'l‘li_erefore they are not real fanatics.

We shall ﬁnd, in addition to this, that they are badly led by their pcrierals; and it is a very curi- ous fact, which the history of the present war seems likely to corroborate, thatRiissia never yet produced a leader oftroops who was of the liiglwst order. Every other great military nation can, in its o_wn annals, point to scores of such commanders —except, indeed, Prussia; and Prussia has not, perhaps, been long enough a Pnwerof Europe to have yet produced another Frederick.

_ Two days after Prince Gortschaliofi"s proclama- ll0ll., the sentiments of the Wallachians might be Ctllljeclllfed from the proceedings to which the«Riis- sian General was obliged to resort. Several Boy- ards were arrested on the charge of ¢‘07'I‘€.°].‘611lﬁ1Ig' with Omer Pat-lia. And what if this were true’! War was not declared; Russia herself was at pains to represent the invasion of the Principalities as no invasion at all; but, emphatically, a peaceful occu- potion, excciited wiihoiit the least breach of aiiiity between the Czar and that Potentate, who, besides, ivascertaiiily the Sovereign ofthese Boyards. Yet they are cast into prison, for being but suspected of writing to a high ofﬁcer in the service of their own Monarch, the Czar's good friend.

On the 10th, the French Ambassador to the Porte, became so uneasy that, on his own responsi- bility. he ordered three French frigates; and Lord Sn-afford de Radcliffe, yielding to his persuesions, ordered, in like riumner, three English frigatcs, to ascend the Sea of Marmora, and -to moor at the en- traiice"of the Bosphorus. This was but a slight and scrupulous demonstration. Far more decisive advances of the enemy were progressively occur- ring; and Giurgevo, on the noitli bank ofthe Dan- ube, facing Rustchak, was selected, instead of Fokscliani, at the base of the Crapack hills, to be the scene of the chief Russian camp. The mouths of the river were now ﬁlled with corn, which could not be exported. These nccumnlations, on the 17th ofSeptember, amounted to 40,000 kilogrammes of white wheat, 9000 of red, 16,000 of maize, and 25,000 of rye. '

'l‘he last fruitless diplomhtic eﬂbrt before Turkey declared war-—ari effort on the one side to come to an iiiiderstaiiding, and on the other to overreach Europe—wns ilie conference at Olmutz, where the Czar tried his personal influence over the young Emperor Francis Joseph. Nicholas arrivtd at Warsaw on the 20th of September, and thence reached Olmutz on the 23d. Seven da s later, he was again at Warsaw, disappointed anti’ baﬂied, as it was commonly imagined, in all the objects of his late visit-—a visit which had not been under- taken until Envoy after Envoy (each of hi her reputation than his predecessor) had fails at Vienna. We kiiow..not, for our pen, with what iinderstandiiig the two ‘Monarchs separated. -The subsequent conduct of Austria is, perhaps, the best li lit by which we can guide our conjectures; and, wliatever praise may be due to Francis Jot-epli,. this refiectiou will occur to everybody, that’lie might have earned it still higher praise, for lie might Iiavc prevented the European. eonﬂirt altogether.

As ifto alarm England, the exaggerated state- ments of Russia's wer, and of her means of war, were accompanied” by the tuiiiouncenient of occa- sional victories, rneuacing India in their results. Thus, we now heiird how General Perewski, Go- vernor of Oreiiburgh, had stormed Ahrnetzi, and had laid open the road to K/tiva.

SECOND PERIOD: H08'l'II.iTll.-'8 AITDR TURKEY, BUT BEFORE ENGLAND LED FRANCE HAD DECLABED WAR.

It was not till the beginning of October, that the Sultan, who could wait no longer for the Allies, and, indeed, no longer restrain the eagerness of his own people, formally declared war against Ilussia, and decreed that l50,0L0 fresh troops should be raised and organized at once, for the defence of Islam. The Czar, when this heroic act of the “ sick man" was armoiiuceil to him. declared that, “ from that moment forth lie relrarted all his mn- cessions.” What his coiiqessioiis had recently been to Turkey, or what concessions he meant, it would have been perplexing to determine.

’l‘he declaration of war could not have been fur- ther delayed. Even before it was possible for the news to have reached the Danube, about 1300

Redifs suddenly passed the river, and made a foray

on the Russian side. They met rt. of Ludcr's division, fought their way successfu ly back to the water's edge, and rccrossed in safety with their

‘pain (‘la is inﬁll!‘-)