Che Guardian

Covers Prince taward tsiand Like The Dew

W 4. Hancea, Publisher Burton Lewis Frank Walker Executive Editor Editer

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the weakest ink” PAGE 6 WEDNESDAY, APRIL i8, 1962.

A

Red Letter Day

Overshadowing even the an- nouncement of the election date yes- terday was the definite assurance from Ottawa that our long-awaited P.E.L-N.B. Causeway would be built. This indicates that the engineering

eurveys advanced

were considerably further , and more definitely

favorable, than Works Minister Walker was prepared to admit even

up toa the polit Governm ject, in

few days ago. It indicates ical importance which the ent attaches to this pro- keeping it thus under

wraps, and we may expect that its supporters will use it to the utmost advantage in their campaign activ- ities from now until June 18.

Howe

ver, we are concerned here

with results. The definite commit- ment which the Diefenbaker Gov-

ernment

has made puts all doubt at

rest as to the prospects for this great project. The estimated cost of

$105,000, forecasts

000 is well within previous , and by no means exorhit-

ant considering the long-term ad-

vantages ance of accrue.

, and savings {n mainten- ferry services, which will

A TRUMP CARD—The Govern- ment announcement, naturally, im- plies that the Causeway will be built if the Diefenbaker Government is

returned

to power. It will be played

this way as a major political

card in t this is

he campaign, and of course understandable from the

party standpoint. The other parties

are at a

disadvantage in not having

the feasibility reports which the Government must now have in its possession; but we fancy that this

will not

similar pledges.

deter them from making Indeed, it will be

recalled that both Mr. Pearson and

Mr. Dou pledged

glas, on their visits here, their parties to the under-

taking if the survey results proved satisfactory.

We had sponsored this project from the start in the hope that it would be kept out of partisan pol-

itics, as

it should be. Let us

recall for the record, however, that it was proposed originally by the Lib-

erals, an

d that two men in particu-

lar, Premier Matheson and Mr. Neil A. Matheson, our then Liberal mem- ber of Parliament for Queens, can take credit for championing it at a time when neither the Liberals

nor the

Conservatives, as a body,

were very enthusiastic, to say the feast. The then Kings County Lib- eral M.P., Mr. Kickham, went on the air to decry it as a pipe-dream, and there were many others on both sides who felt the same way.

SHOT IN THE DARK—The Coa- gervatives, locally, promised the pro- ject in their 1959 provincial c ~- paign, and they will now be able to élaim that their pledge is finally to be redeemed. It was a shot in the dark at that time, however, without any warrant other than wishful

thinking.

Nor have they shown, in

the intervening years, any great

desire to recalled,

have their causeway pledge or to go beyond an express-

fon of pious hope that it would be implemented if feasible.

But a truce to such matters! The Causeway is the thing. It will

~ to build,

take two years to draw

which means that our win-

ter ferry service will somehow have

in the mean’’ e.

strengthened

with the assurance we now we can look forward confident- t© @ new and brichter era in our

transportation history. AI whe have worked in any way to promote this great undertaking are to be com- mended ; and this includes, of course, and in full measure, the government of the day and its supporters both here and at Ottawa.

THE ELECTION—-Now that the election date has been announced for June 18, we may expect a great show of activity all across the country. Actually, the campaign has been under way for some time, and the candidates should now be off to a flying start. A June election means that much of the business of the present Parliament will be left sus- pended in mid-air, like Mahomet’s coffin. But the unrest at Ottawa was such that further delay in sounding the election toscin would have de- feated its own purpose. Calm con- sideration of the country’s business in such circumstances was practical- ly impossible.

In taking the plunge, the Gov- ernment has high hopes of being returned, though with a reduced majority. That appears to be the general concensus, despite Opposit- ion claims to the contrary. However, as the campaign warms up new angles may be developed, new issues come to a head, and—as in every clection campaign—there are always the imponderable elements which give zest to the contest, and not in- frequently upset the most assured prognostications.

The Steel Drama

Despite the fact that the U. S. steel companies have rescinded, un- der governmental pressure, the price increase they had decreed last week, plans for anti-monopoly inves- tigations by the Justice Department and Congressional Democrats are going forward. Subpoenas have been served on the three big corporations involved and there will be a thorough airing of the whole matter. The in- dustry’s turnabout has been hailed as a spectacular victory for Presi- dent Kennedy, but there was more at stake than that. He now has a chance not only to avert a new in- flationary spiral but also a war he- tween Government and Big Business, such as characterized the decade of the Thirties.

This will be better understood when it is realized that steel is the principal underpinning of the Ameri- can economy. The industry’s output of 100 million tons a year is a quar- ter of the world’s production. It pro- vides jobs for over half a million workers and accounts for $14,000 million in annual sales. Moreover, its products are the starting print for hundreds of other industries, from the manufacture of bobby pins to the construction of ocean liners.

For several years after World War II, steel price increases pushed other prices upward, and became a main factor in inflation. The whole- sale price rose 66 per cent between 1945 and 1950; consumer prices rose 87 per cent in the same period. Thereafter steel rose even faster than other prices. Since 1960 it has risen 61 per cent, as against a consumer price increase of 20 per cent. This pivotal role played by the steel industry has made it the focal point for all of President Kennedy’s economic policies.

EDITORIAL NOTES

Family allowances are not paid to Canadian servicemen overseas, but Ottawa has now announced that allowances in lieu of these payments will be made. In addition, service- men stationed in West Germany will receive allowances to compensate for loss in value of the Canadian dollar compared with the German deutchmark.

aa * +

Mr. Douglas, the New Democra-

tic Party leader, is reported to have

bors should be required to leave Canada if they are not prepared to live in peace with other Canadia~s. Which prompts the Toronto Globe and Mail to remark: “This has a fine, stern, no-nonsense ri g, but it overlooks one unfortunate fact. The Sons of Freedom are not recent immigrants, subject to de- portation if they are convicted of major crimes. The great majority of them were born in Canada and are Canadian citizens. Whether we

. like it or not, the Sons of Freedom

are our problem, which we must solve somehow within Canada. We eatinot fob it off on some other na- tion

ees

THE POISONED OASIS

AGREEMENT REACHED

The Kenya Constitutional Conference

By Colin Legum United Kingdom Information Service

After seven weeks of hard negotiations, the Kenya consti- | tutional conference presided | over by the British Colonial Sec- retary, Mr. Reginald Maudling, and attended by all the elected members of the Kenya Legisla- tive Council, has reached agree- ment in London.

It would be hard to exagger- ate the importance of this. For even though the agreement by itself does not guarantee the territory an easy passage to in- dependence, it opens the way to the possibility of fruitful co-op- eration between the major pol- itical parties in seeking the best constitution for an indep- endant Kenya. That it proved possible to reach it in the end, reflects the greatest credit on the patience and statesmanship of all concerned.

has only to think what the situation would have been like if the Kenya delegates had returned without kind of agreement. There would probably have been a resump- tion of bitter party acrimony; the economic decline caused by the uncertainties of the past few years might well have been ac- celerated; and the government would have remained as before inthe hands of a minority

arty.

Instead, Kenya now has a new opportunity to work out its fu- ture through a coalition govern- ment representative of both the major African political parties (the Kenya African Nationalist Union and the Kenya African Democratic Union with their re- spective leaders, Mr. Jomo Ken- yatta and Mr. Ronald Ngala, both holding office). That by it- self is an important advance. NON-RACIAL POLICIES

In the upshot each of the two main African parties conceded something to the views of the other. KADU gave up the idea of a federal state but succeeded in getting agreement on the es- tablishment of a bicameral leg- islature and large regional au- thorities with entrenched pow- ers. KANU gave up its plan for an overwhelmingly strong cen- tral government with weak loc- al authorities at the district lev- el, as well as its objections to a bicameral legislature. But succeeded in defeating KADU’s plans for a weak centre with virtually autonomous regions. In steering the negotiation to- wards this compromise r. Maudling was understandably careful not to appear partisan and it is his triumph that none of the rivals felt that he was

By er

stressing human rights rath- than minority group rights,

the Kenya conference broke new ground, The safeguards that have been agreed on are appli- cable to every Kenyan, irres- pective of race. This offers the best kind of guarantee for a new country. NOT FETTERED

Equally important is the fact that the principles of agreement do not fetter the National As- sembly in a way that will make effective government difficult. Nor do they prevent a majority party carrying out its policies on becoming the government.

These are very real achieve- ments in a situation like that existing in Kenya today where, unhappily, suspicions are rife.

It is now up to the coalition gov- ernment to re-establish some of the badly needed confidence which has for many years been undermining faith in Kenya's political and economic future.

At present Kenya has econom- ic problems which cannot await the happy outcomeof a final constitution; they need to be tackled urgently and with vigour. But nobody supposes that these problems can finally be eliminated until political con- fidence has been restored. And that requires a stable Govern- ment with a well-defined consti- tution resting on the consent of the great majority of the people | of Kenya.

A Berlin Settlement?

By

Harold Morri: n

son Canadia’ Press Staff Writer

Last January, when present- ing his new budget to Congress, President Kennedy made what was then considered by observ- ers as a puzzling assumption.

At a time when many Ger- mans were still bewailing the Communist wall in East Ber- lin and after the military gar- rison in West Berlin had been tightened, Kennedy ‘announced that for purposes of estimating future U.S. defence spending, he assumed special military meas- ures undertaken in connection with the Berlin crisis would ter- minate by June 30.

Political adversaries des- cribed this as ridiculous. How could the president conclude that the tensions would conven- iently disappear by June 30? They wrote off his statement as political expediency to better portray the prospects of a bal- anced budget in the new year starting July 1.

Yet events seem to be moving in line with Kennedy’s assump- tions. The Kremlin has soft- pedelled its threats and a U.S. report from Moscow describes Western embassies there as baffled by the lull in the usual Soviet harassment of the West

U.S. diplomats say they also are baffled by the Soviet calm, although they seem to be in- creasingly hopeful that current Soviet-American negotiations on Berlin may bear fruit.

While France and West Ger- many watch with anxiety, the new talks have opened in Wash- ington with State Secretary

Dean Rusk and Soviet Ambas- sador Anatoly Dobrynin as prin- | cipals. In U.S. eyes, negotiations got off to a bad start because the Bonn administration allegedly 8. als to the press so that Russia had a clear idea of how far the United States was prepared to go, France and West Germany fear Russia and the United States, supported by Britain, might work out some deal on Berlin which might enhance the position of Communists on the continent to the detriment of adjoining Western powers. There also is reported to be a French-German fear that if the United States works out some compromise with Russia, there may be a U.S. move to reduce military aid to Europe and thereby ease a worrisome U.S. international payments

—_

roblem.

While some observers see the reason for the U.S. desire for a settlement on the Berlin issue as a way of strengthening the U.S. dollar through reduced foreign aid, the reason for Soviet wil- lingness to compromise does not seem too clear.

e ative answer is that Soviet Premier Khrushchev may be dangling a Berlin set- tlement as bait for a summit conference. Another is that be

would like to see his military and other foreign operating costs reduced.

Vietnam Another Korea?

The effects of the conflict in

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and agitation. The tones became somber when the artist was de- pressed.

According to Dr. R.E. Hemp- hill, Van Gogh worked from subjects and most of his paint- ings were precise records of

photographed with his paintings. Van Gogh did not paint what he imagined during hallucinations but trans- formed his feelings through the

use of color the manipula- tion of paint. Dr. Felix Rey attended and

befriended Van Gogh. He believ-

ed the artist had a type of epil-

epsy with hallucinations and

episodes of agitation and con-

fusion provoked by alcoholic ex- SS

There fs evidence also that Van Gogh had a manic depres- sive psychosis, He was hot tem- pered and extremely moody but was able to retain the inter- est and support of relatives and friends. It was his sincerity and capacity for making friends that carried him _ through these

storms.

This is remarkable because during these attacks of excite- ment, he developed terrifying hallucinations that led to wild behavior and confusion. On one occasion he cut off one of his ears. Two years later, aged 37, he shot himself. His last words were, “Will this misery never end?” It is a pity that a man who left so much for others to enjoy led such a miserable ex- istence,

HEART MURMUR

J.C. writes: I felt fine after the birth of my child until the doctor told me I have a heart murmur and prescribed digital- is. I have felt terrible since and can’t get over the feeling I’m go- ing to die soon. Your comments will be appreciated.

REPLY

You ought to ask for a consul- tation about the murmur and taking digitalis, especially if you felt fine learned about this condition. Since you are so upset, why not make it a heart specialist because his word will carry more weight and leave no doubt in your mind?

STOMACH DESCENT J. C. writes: Can and should anything be done about fallen

stomach? REPLY No. The stomach droops sev- eral inches on standing and oc- descends

casio} so low it hangs into the pelvis as seen by X-rays. Indi, and other forms of abdominal distress should not be blamed on this normal phenomenon,

OUR YESTERDAYS Fro

m the Guardian Files

NTY-FIVE YEARS AGO (April 18, 1937)

The Charlottetown Marine Wharf presents a busy picture these days where men are at work cleaning the buoys that were stored on the wharf during

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NOTES BY THE WAY

much he has Arthur News-Chronicle.

As distant observers of the conference at Punta del Este, where the Cuban question was hotly debated, Canadians must have reflected that they are well out of the Organization of American States, long known as the Pan-American Union.

Among OAS members there is sharp disagreement about the right way to deal with the Castro regime, now unblushingly com- munist. No doubt two opinions could be found among Canadians but their majority view, if Ot- tawa has correctly interpreted it, leans to the moderate line taken by Mexico, Brazil and Ar- gentina, strongest of the Latin countries, It is incredible that Washing- 0) Cuba as a military threat, seeing that the U.S.

Thirty-odd years ago, a distin- guished astronomer demonstrat- ed the use of a living clock that put a new tool into the hands of archeologists and students of climate.

The scientist was Andrew El- liott Douglass, whose recent death at the age of 94 has cnded a long and fruitful career, developing a method for reading tree rings—a technique called dendrochronology after Greek words for tree and t in- troduced an ingenious dating de- vice.

Dr. Douglass worked out his system in the 1920's in a series of expeditions sponsored by the National Geographic Society to excavate and study long-aban- doned Indian settlements of the Southwest. With its guidance, he established the age of many pre-Columbian ruins,

CLEAR RINGS

Dendrochronology is based on the fact that a growing tree adds a layer to its trunk each year. Cut across, the layers resemble rings, each with varying width and makeup caused by season- al breaks in temperature or rainfall. Where changes are sharp, the marks are as distinc-

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Well Out Of

Financial Post, Toronto

nor vote at Punta del Este. This is not a case of reluctance to stand up and be counted. There would simply be no advantage to Canada, or to the

phere, in an obligation to vote with or against the U.S. in such a controversy, Canada’s inde pendent judgment is more val- uable than a make-weight, or even a decisive ballot in OAS.

Reading Tree Rings

National Geographic Society

pueblo ruins for National G eo graphic, he found that recurring sunspots coincided with ring changes in pines for most of a 500-year period. The exception was an interval of little change from 1650 to 1725—a blank that seemed to deny the theory until solar research indicated that no sunspots had occurred then.

Though scientists still do not fully understand the effects of sunspots on weather—and sence on tree rings—Dr. Douglass's contributions vastly furthered the study of solar - terrestrial re- lationships and long-range pro- mg of climate throughout the

orld.

An energetic man with an ev- er-inquiring mind, he was an authority on Mars. He pro- duced unique photographs of the sun's eclipse, and w as first to film zodiacal light, the ne bulous light seen in the east bee fore dawn and in the west after twilight.

Even at his advanced age, Dr, Douglass held a special license to drive the few blocks between his home in Tucson and the Tree- Laboratory he founded at the University of Arizona.

tive as fingerprints.

By counting the rings of trees whose felling time is known, and matching overlapping pat- terns with successive older gen- erations, experts can trace a

chain of living timepieces hun- | dreds of years back.

The method is known as “cross dating.” Beyond the | world of living trees, itcan be

extended to beams, posts, _ other wood left at archeologists | sites whenever the necessary | ring sequences can be found.

Construc tree calendar calls for detective skill in track- ing down related samples and deciphering ring clues. In deter- mining the age of Pueblo Bon- ito—oldest and largest of the New Mexico cliff dwellings Dr. Douglass and his assistants compared scores of three bo r- ings and bits of wood taken from this and other Southwest ruins. 0 apparently separate chronologies were traced, with a baffling gap between. The missing link was finally uncov- ered in a charred pine log that had lived from A.D. 1237 to near- ly 1380. Its ring diary completed an unbroken calendar of over- lapping patterns reaching back to a beam found at Pueblo Bonito. The beam had been cut A.D. 919

TRIGGERED STUDY

Dr. Douglass’s tree-ring find- ings grew out of his career in as- tronomy and interest in spots, If

" changes effect weather, and weather affects

sun-

tree-ring about 1901, while work- tory at , Arizona. In dating the

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