PAGE FOUR

TIIE GIIARLIITTETOVIII GUARDIAN

Inrnln] Dally (Iolnlnl In Ill?! heal : Ll Cal. W. Cheater 8. Mel-In gleenatfrumnl: I. I. Burnett. lJ-l- Secretary: um. Cat D. A. Mneluuuon. 0-5-0- md Dlnetori J. l. Burnett. IJ-l. Anoelato Editors: Frank Walker and Lleut. Ian a Burnett, B-(LNJLL (On Aellve Bervleol

‘The Strongest Memory it WWI!" TM! the Weakest Ink.’

MONDAYAEBIL ma. um_ Canada and the North Pole

The turn of world attention to. the Arctic re- gions is a natural result of_ aviation develop- ment in this ivar, which promises an area of air traffic in which North Pole areas ma)’ uhlmale’ ly become as familiar to world IFBWUCFSIEIS Pu‘ tied regions 3Y6. SAYS B-T-R- i“ The Wmfupcl; p,“ Press. The horizon of Canadiampolicy is extending, to take account of Canada s, north- ern frontiers. Some (IISCUSSIOII has arisen, in Uuawa and Washington, over tiie question of ‘overcigmy of polar rcgions. But this ‘l5 still entirely unofficial, Ottawa sources explain.

\Vho owns the North Pole? In this sllllllle form, the question is easily answered. .\o 011': owns the North Pole. For the North P018 l5 merely a geographical point in the flllllit 0i f‘ great inland sea, the Arctic Ocean. Thli i“ l9 bounded by Canadian and‘Russ_ian territory for the most; part, though United btates, Denmark, Norway and Finland have coasts on it, the Lim- ted States through its Alaskan ddPemlenclh Den‘ mark through its Qvrcenland depflldfill- The Arctic Ocean is nobody's_ exclusive lake. _

The question of sovereignty in the Arctic was‘ (flgcussgd in the Canadian Senate on February 2°. 1997- and Hon. P. Poirier advanced the theory which has become known as the SEW!‘ principle." It figures in all discussions _of iiorth- ern and southern polar regions. He laid:

"A country whose possession today :05 11D 1° the Arctic regions will have a right, or should have a right, or has a right to all the lands that are to be found in the waters between a-line ex- tending from its eastern extremity north and mother line extending from the western ex- tremity north. All the lands between the two line; up to the North Pole should belong and do belong to the country whose territory abuts up there. Now, if we take our gcollral-‘hy. 1t l! a simple matter.” This is the "sector prin- ciple." , _ _

Canada has riot relied upon this principle, but in other instances the theory has been invoked. It is the basis of a British d¢¢13Yi§l011_iI1_1917» laying claim to all islands and territories in the Falkland Islands sector of the Antarctic. _Sim- ilarly, it is the basis of British claim to territory in the Ross Dependency sector, issued in 1923. In 1926, the Soviet government relied on the sector principle in claiming all lands ‘lying with; in the sector north of Russian territory, Bri- tish regulations governing whaling operations m 11.9 Ross sector require whalers entering that sector to obtain s licence from the New Zcahind tioverument.

It is not upon the sector theory. bu! “P011 ti" principle of effective occupatiomthat Canada claims all territory lying north of its continental position. In the case of far northern regions, effective occupation does not amount to much. But this may change in future, and after the war g great increase in Canadian "occupation" and use of the far northern region may develop as new air routes extend the frontier. Yet the sec- tor theory is attractive to a. country with a boun- dary in the Arctic, as Canada has, and it has been used from time to time in supporting Can- adian claims. During the season of _ 1908-09. In official Canadian exploration expedition pro- claimed Canadian sovereignty over the ivhole Arctic archipelago bctiveen meridians 6o and 141.

Maps of Canada made by the Canadian Gov- ernment always include all the Arctic archi- pelago within Canadian territory. New sectional maps being printed by the Canadian Government include all the latest information on Arctic ter- ritory. These are being issued for regions l! far north u 73 degrees of latitude, far beyond the Arctic Circle. In 1921, Canada informed Denmark that discoveries made north of Canada by the Danish explorer, Knud Rasmussen, would not be recognized as a basis of territorial claims. Since 1925, Canada has required explorers and scientists wishing to work in the Arctic iilands north of Canada to obtain a Canadian licence.

To the question whether Canada claims right up to the North Pole, Mr. Stewart, minister of the interior in 1925, said: "Yes, right up to the North Pole.” He defined the are: of Can- ada’; claim as all area lying between 6o de- grees and 142 degrees west, but he evidently meant 141 degrees west. which i! the Canada- Alaska boundary.

The Arctic Islands Preserve was created by Calida in 1926. It includes the archipelago north of the Canadian mainland. By order in council on iVlay i5, i929, this was reserved as hunting and fishing preserve for Eskimos and Indians.

By these acts, Canada has been exercising jurisdiction over the northern Arctic islands that fringe the Arctic Ocean. it is on that basis of the cxcrcise of jurisdiction that claims of Canadian sovereignty rest.

Black Marketing

It is no secret, says the Globe and Mall, that black-market gasoline operations are thriving. Neither is it an official secret that present meth- orls of rationing and control have been proved helpless to prevent thcm. If, as so oftcu seems to he the case, the authorities are dept-riding nn comparisons of the motorists’ yearly milt-ngc rc- corrls with their rzition quotas to trap the guilty, the possibility of cvcr checking the black mar- ket is slim indeed.

ii i. nu: hard to undcrstzinrl that black-mar- kvt "PCYJIITITS ran obtain and marketsonir- gaso- line illrg; l_v. It i: not hard ,to tiurlcrslnurl how coupon thcfts could occur or the iliffirultv of imposing the restrictions governing coupons n\‘(‘l' a so with-Iv dispersed ili-nribulion svstcui. Rune ilishnnesti- is inevitable. Hut it is. difficult to uuilcishwud hiiu- nulhiirircd llt"li('l'<. doing rr-g- ulltr i!ll\illi‘>5 uith eslabii-hri-l and supposedly‘

I . responsible distributors, can sell gasoline with- out taking coupons to the full value of every sale. '

Where does that gasoline come from? If there is a real shortage in Canada, how is it possible for there to be inexhaustible supplics for the people who know where to buy without coupons, or who trade in stolen or counterfeit coupons? If there was a real shortage, if civi- iian consumption were rigidly restricted to that shortage, is it liot reasonable to suppose that black-niarket operations could only. go so far before there was a general drought?

This has not been the case. Large as the black market has become, there is still plenty of gasoline for the law-abiding motorists. The only ivay in which they suffer is in not being able to

bors. The result is the public is coming to the conclusion that there is no real shortage of gasoline. Obviously tliv. authorities have to put this matter straight with the public, and that soon. They have to decide to what extent ra- tioning is necessary, and to make their decision stick. Obviously this involves far-reaching re- atljtistments in present policy. Since the Gov- ernnieiit now controls importation of virtually all the crude oil from which gasoline is made, it might not be so illogical to start the rationing there.

EDITORIAL NOTES _

The Archbishops of Canterbury and York have authorized another day of prayer for the success of the Allies, to be held on 23rd iiist., St. George's Day.

i I I I

A Federal-Provincial Conference of I\Iinis~ ters of Health will be held at Ottawa May 10-12, when the new health bill will be submitted for discussion, criticism and suggested improve-

merits.

The de Havilland Mosquito, plywood fighter and reconnaissance bomber, which furniture- niakers in Britain and Canada arc helping to manufacture, is now operating with the i\'.~\li' against the Japanese in Burma.

i i I I India has a corps of skilled workmen who can be sent in organized parties to work in any factory where they are urgently rcquirctl, Ull the same lines as their opposite iiuinbcrs in Russia, Britain and the U.S.A.

i! Ii It‘ 1i

It is rumoured that Minister of justice Louis Saint Laurent will soon quit politics to return tu his lucrative legal practice. It was only at the high pressure of the Prime Minister iliat he consented to sticcecd the late Mr. LiPointe, he never previously having taken any active part in political life.

is s

A Quebec fzirnicr nziiiicd V. X. Vziclici" dc- clurcsi "Next time, I vote for a government which will let inc alone, give me nothing and lct me keep what I cnrn. I don't want gifts or bonuses; 1 want to sweat for all I get. I don't ivaut to be bossed by clerks who llCVCl‘ worked on a farm, and, from thcir comfortable sclits, tell me how to run mine."

i: - a- is

Discussions have recciitiy taken place in Delhi on the problem of further providing a co-or- dinated health scrvice throughout India, togeth- er with the problem of promoting medical re- search, the development of research activities in medical colleges and hospitals, the training of public health engineers, snnitnryi inspccltors and dentists and problems dealing with lliflillfi’) and tuberculosis.

it It‘

U U I

The main rubber-producing areas in British tropical Africa are in the coastal belt of "Fan- gnnyika. The Germans, when they hchl the territory before the last ivzir, tried to build up rubber production unsuccessfully and abandon- ed the venture as hopeless. In the meantime. British rubber experts from Malaya rediscovered the derelict plantation and set it humming again. By 1942, Tanganyika was producing 1,000 tons of rubber annually, which goes to her near- est consumer neighbour, South Africa.

U I I I

Vicar Cole, English artist, born this date, 1883, at 43 was elected an l\ssociate_ of the Royal Academy, and ten years later made an Academi- cian; devoted most of his time and talent paint- ing Thames and Surrey scenes, which were re- produced in high-class art magazines and other periodicals; his “Pool of London" was acquired by the Nation, and is hung in the Tate Gallery, London; he died at the age of sixty, having pro- duced oii an average one great painting a year for 3o years.

a a a

Canada, with 1/188tl1 of the world's popula- tion ranks first in the production of nickel, newsprint, asbestos, platinum and radium, ac- cording to the government booklet, entitled "Canada at War.” Canada is second in wood- pulp and gold, and third in aluminum, copper, zinc, cobalt and silver. She was fourth in wheat and lead. Thirty-five per cent of the men from i8 to 45 arid one woman in 66 in the same age group have entered the armed forces. Canada is the fourth largest producer of United Nations’ war supplies, the third world trading nation, the fifth world air power, the fourth in air power among the United Nations, the third among the United Nations in sea power and has the second largest British diplomatic corps.

r- : a a

The Associated Breweries of Canada Ltd,

have just issued their report for 1943. It says iii part: ‘fSales of beer in Canada were restrict- ed by Government Urrlcr to 00% of the 1942 total, and although subsequent minor modifica- tions were matlc in the‘ original order, there has liccn a reduction in turnover. .\n0tlicr adverse effect on earnings has been the application of the 100% Excess Profits Tax rate for the full year, instead of for only six months as in i942. Having lTflilffi to the foregoing. it is a plcnsurc to report that alter payiucut of Sales, i"'*'sc, Income and iixccss Profits 'l‘:i.\*cs of $3.308,- 27843, the operations nf the combined com- pniiit-s for the _v(':u- have rcsliltvil iu a not pro- fit of llifzitulizjz. in illililllltll ill the llcl ]il<l~

fits. thr- rcfiuill:ibh- portion of lixci-ss Profits ‘lax for the _\"v:u- aiuiiiiiilcd lo a furlhcr sum 9i 32357-93041

drive as much or as far as their dishonest neigh- '

JUVENILE niztuiouriici

Anlhlitorlcal survey of the

BRITISH WAR BRIDES

Stan-ff have seen a piece in the Guardian aggut the wives of our

Canadian ya o have been a bride of the las myae I came from min urgr, Scotland. and found everything so different from what I was used to home. The money was dlfferem. but I was not a-

bandb mother learned me how to make bread. and all the other cook- ing that was different.

some of these women coming out here will have no one to show or tell them and they will find it bard at first: also the people and neigh- bours were all so kind and did all they could to rnnke ms feel a home. and ,

So what I wanted to say. was that anyone that I can help from the Old Country. in any way I can. ‘Ii would be only too blessed to do

o.

I am Sir, etc. MRS. C. H. ROGERS. Albany, N. R 2. P. E. Island.

Notes By The Way

Though known In politics as the kiss of death. the suooort or the wrong people isn't necessarily fatal. Given enoillh of them. the candl- date is in.—Wlnn1'D€St Tlib

' urie. “If we onulil say it without sticking our neck out," remarks the lsethbridlre Herald. gingerly. "we would suggest that. sorlniz is liere at last." We think we'd rather may it safe, pal, with that izood old newsoalber cliche, “siprlruz ls alleg- ed to be hereF-Ottawa Citizen.

If the Germans have to KIVC u» the Runianian oil fields they will, of course. block the wells and des- troy all equipment. But that will leave the Russians with no less oll than they have now, while Ger- many will lose one-third of her present supply-Ottawa Journal.

A man gels four-tenths of an

inch shorter every ten years after he reaches the age of 46: which ls probably nature's way of causing nee to tench men that they don't amount to as much as they thought. when they were younger. -Chatliam Daily News. The movement of war brides won't all be in the direction of Canada when peace is declared. A good many men from the United Kingdom. New Zealaiid. Australia and Norwnv have captured wives ivlillc training in this country. — Brockville Recorder and Times.

Last. month the Janis b. udcast to the world the news that spirits of their soldiers killed in Attu and valliintlv opposed tlic American- Canadian conquest of Kiskn. And

some day soon these same proba- izariidlsts are zoinz forced into the admission that the almost of the oft stmk American fleet has returned to raise the devil with the imperial navy-Guelph Mer- cury

A cedar tree and a seat vre:e dedicated at Godstone, Surrey. to the memory of one the Battle or Britain pilots, Sergeant Pilot F. E. Fonemore. who crashed closc by in October, 1940. says The London Times. The idea for the memorial was originated by Ian G. Walker. landscape izardencr niid founder of the New Britain Association. ivho hopes to erect similar memories 1n other parts of the country.“

There are today In Britain twice the number of women betiuzicn the £1205 of ciizhtcen and flftv-nlnc 1n the armed forces and industry. as there were at the end of the last war. Of women between the ages of eighteen and forty. ninety-one ber cent of the slitzle women and elizlitv oer cent or the married. childless women are in the forces or in essential lnclustryn-Chlcaizo Dally News. ,

l-leiu-y [Poi-d foresees the end of the war (in Europe. presumably- wfthlri sixty days. He may be rlcht —we’ll lot you know May 18. But fr the hlzli command o1‘ the izen- er-al miibllc are tempted to stake llllV lives or olaris on Mr. Ford's calculation. they'll do well to rc- member that he has been wronu on practically every subject. outside the automobile business in which

ever expressed an o ion. Meiflfllflbliul Star-Journiiil.

The Canadian dollar arid the American dollar are now similar only in name and it ls because they are nominally alike while belnlr n1-

ther unlike in value that there 11st cankfeiésion and mlsundersta d1

will not buy

or rain-

merit in his own country as a Can-

adian dollar will muclisse for its

Canadian owner ln this country at

the present time-Toronto Tele- gram.

We do not think that they knovv how loner forty minutes ls. An act of Hamlet or Kin: Lear can be played in fortv min/lites. All but a verv few of the world's rrrerit sim- iohonles can be played within fem minutes. Two of John Donne's ser- mons could be delivered in forty minutes. m. Churchill or Mr. Roosevelt can review several months of war in fortv minutes.

. v moss himself on a matter of pro- vincial importance — Poberbor- borouith Examiner.

Apparently the need for muni- tions and supplies has basses! its rienk and it ls to be expected that some of the men employed in that field will be moved either to the scrvlces. to uizrlciilture. or to other vital lobe. But there is no maule- Liinis hat from which thousands of new men can be . drown mid the bottom of the "“““"\L‘£“' hurrrl ls helm scraped. as far as vounlr. able-bodied men i: concerned. Perhrns more women min be user‘ to replace men nt for scrvlvi And another Idea that. should be studied cart-fully is that H11- services wlizht make more ef- ficient use of some of the mm thrv hove-London Free Press.

With a lurid of S2,l.'l0.000. the

revciilcd ln Calcutta. India.

BWUVXI Governm-inl is uiittinu into rflrl-t ll nlnn for medical rPll~f Eflll prevention of epidemics. {his

me. I t. war b

, and of legal meas- ures to cope with it.

By W. I]. Bentley, 1L0- IL

The extent to which the crim- inal law has been made to servo selfish interests and to create and maintain class distinctions is a. long story in itself. Suffice ft to say that. for many centuries the landed and moneyed classes were alone considered and little 1f any regard was paid to the in- terests of the tolling multitude. Au indolent, cruel and selfish aristo- cracy did not hesitate to take the lives of the poor for any tn- terference with their unmerlted privileges gratuitously conferred

t upon them through the agency of the law.

Interference with the rights of small landholders which began in the reign of Henry VIII (1509) continued intermittently for cen- turies. Between 1766 and‘ 1785 an average of 4'1 expropriation Acts were assed each year. The extreme seflshncss and wanton cruelty of the ruling class may be illustrated by statutes passed at. the beginning of the present Bruns- wick period maklng it. a. crime, punishable with death, to break down the mound of and allow any fish to escape, or to cut down a fruit tree in an orchard.

Sir William Blackstone, one of the Justices of the Court of Com- mon Pleas, his famous Com- mentaries on the Laws of Eng- land, in 1769, declared: "It ls a. melancholy truth, that. among the variety of actions which men are daily liable to commit. no less than 160 have been declared by Act of Parliament to felonies, worthy of instant death."

In those days, 1f a man iii- jurecl Westminster Bridge, he was hanged. If he appeared with his face blacked or otherwise dis- guised on a public road, or in a forest. or in a place whore main features are the open an additional treatment centre within four or flve miles of every izood dispensary in the province, the assigning of more riivll sur- geons to the badly affected dis- trlcts to organize emergency medl- cal relief the appointment of ad- ditional quinine distributing intents m rural areas. 1.500 extra personnel cornprlslniz sanitary inspectors. health assist- ants and medicine - carriers. and purchase of litrize quantities of quinine to replenish the existing stocks. These measures nre taken to deal with the three problems of treating many thousands stiffcrlni: from malaria and diseases induced

starvation. arresting cholri-ii and smallpox, and nrcveutinz rec- ent fnntliie conditions from 1:51‘- maneiitlv llllbllifill‘! the health of the rislnf! izeneratlon.

For some occult reason, the hoary nature fake that. the ostrich hides its head in the sand to cs- cabe observation seems to have taken a ncw lease of life. says Louise LMIIDFCY in The American Mercury. Cartoons are actually drawn showing the bird standing erect on both long legs and bury- lniz its head in the sand in naive delusion that this assures safety. Of course. no bird in creation over did any such think. It takes liirmon beings to be really idiotic. The m- trlfih docs camouflage itself by hid- ing its head 1n the sand, or rutlirr on the sand. but this 1g why and

ow it doesit: When a day-old os- trlch chick is warned bv its rrcther that a-bird of prev ls sailing in the blue. or a carnivorous animal is sillioucitczl nrralnst. the horizon. following her example. it squats ln- stantly close to the cart-h. doub- llnrt its le dull-lined olumiiize looks a dry tuft of desert. vegetation. The tread and ri-cck, the only things then loft lions-motions. are then laid flat along the sand, blending 111w the bzickizround. It ls the same instinctive action as that of the fbartrldsc. the arouse. or my am- mal that. at the slim of danger freezes into immobility 1r it 1,5 not; Sure of irettlnr flWfl_V—-USilllZ its protective coloring iis The cstricl '

AT A WINDOW SILL To Wmfl a sonnet needs a quiet

-r used ‘ ‘d dared. tld Di an ‘£1011 fl