lFEBRUARY 23. 1929

Farming and Agriculture

THE CHARLOTTETOWN GUARDIAN

it takes a short time

to disperse a] dairy herd

—But a iollg time to build one up.

BOT OF WHEAT

(Ex, rlmontsl Farms Note.) 1t is a well-known fact that bette crop yields are obtained by a prope change of crops. and fertility are

stronger plants are produced. A

least a part of the improved fertility

is associated with the increased ac

tivity of the soil inhabiting fungi and bacteria, resulting from the

change of crop or cultural practice. In most soils there

plants depend directly on the amoun

_ and kind of food, and conditions for Certain plants favor the development of some When root parts or other plant remains are add- ed to the soil, the fungi and bacteria quickly multiply on this material At the same time the activity of these af- fects other potential plant food in this in-

their growth in the soil.

kinds more than others.

reducing it to plant food.

the soil. which, without fluenca would remain unavailable

Unfortunately. some of these soil in- hablting fungi and bacteria may at- tack both living and dead root parts fungi that cause root-rot of wheat is able to do this. Therefore. when wheat follows wheat for a term of years. there l5‘ an accumulation of the root-rotting fungi until the amount becomes so On the other hand. oats, flax and the lggumes are not appreciably attacked

of some plants. The

great that much loss may occur.

by the fungi which attack the roots of wheat. With a croP °f "Iv oi these the root-rotting fungi will de- crease so that wheat may ngflill b? grown with comparatively slight loss.

From extensive surveys, made bl’ the Dominion Plant Pathology Lab- oratories, it is clear that rarely more than a. trace of mot-rot Occurs W119" wheat follows breaking of the virgin sod. However, there is a marked in- crease of the severity o.‘ root-rot on the second, third and fourth crops. The reason for this has not yet been determined experimentally, but there is the possibility that the inroduc- tion of wheat debris into the‘ soil is an important factor. 0f (101159- there are many cases where severe root-rot fails to develop. and lllls may be due to certain soil or other climatic factors.

Where spring wheat follows wheat successively on old cultivatedland the root-rots tend to become more severe. The effect of the time of plowing on the development of root- rots has not been determined. There l; s, good evidence that stilbbllng in a crop or the inclusion of a larflc amount of wheat stubble will greatly favor the severity. But summer-fal- low, or a crop of oats. will undoubt- edly, reduce the root-rots on the f0‘.- lowing crop of wheat. But to ob- tain the desired result, the oars and the summer-fallow must be free from wheat or other volunteer host H355‘ es. Some of the worst cases of root- rot have occurred where wheat f01- lowed brome sod.

In certain parts of Western Can- ada where the rdbt-rots are a men- ace', a good crop rotation will be a very helpful in checking the will‘ rots. In fact, this is the only meth- od af. present available.

PRICE- EDRD . six Tlvbl/lE5f ..

I»\,$\.\f$".<.' iiliiONiil-i _ s-

tgFox NETTIN . ,New Stock Just Received

Book your order for Naming now. The new nfoab ha hut been received and ordon can be filled III two hours from time of resolving.

__ Prince Edward the first used- still the b es t.

‘Elnora ll no lnbstltofe for lldlrlly - names so- WARD b the only For Nef- tlng’ for you lo on.

Wrlfo or win-collect. M- doy for samples and io-

‘.

l CROP ROTATION AND ROOT-

The moisture, tllth improved. and

are literally millions of these imicroscoplc plants. Sometimes several millions may be numbers and kind of taese tiny

From Sulphate

(W. C. Dutlon, Michigan ski, (m. lege)

In 1925 work was begun with the use of iron sulphate to modify the lime-sulphur-lead arsenate spray. This modification consisted simply of fifldlllg a small amount of iron sul- phate to the regular lime-sulphate- lead arsenate spray, and from the b6- Bllmins. the reduction in foliage in- jury was so marked that the study of the combination has been continu- ed on a larger scale each year since. Variations have been made in the

l‘ I‘

t conclusion at present is that one-half pound for each gallon of lime-sulph- ur concentrate gives best results when all things are considered, The use of larger amounts of iron sulphate re- sults in somewhat less foliage injury but certain conditions develop that are not desirable, The use of this mixture in late sum- mer sprays has the unfortunate pro- perly of staining the fruit to such an extent that its use at that time is not. desirable, but this difficulty seems l0 be overcome satisfactorily by the sub- stitution of weak Bordeaux in the spray that in Michigan comes about August first. This substitution of Bor- deaux for lime-sulphur has been con- sidered a necessity in some districts, but as a rule has not been practiced in most iiortilcm districts.

FORMS OF IMPROVEDIENT - The use of this procedure has re- suited in clear-cut and definite im- provcment. This is evident as (l) somewhat less russetlng of the fruit; (2) remarkably better foliage; (3) fruit of better color; and (4) larger size of the apples. The amount of improvement varied with varieties, and in general the benefits derived fzom the use of the new procedure were about proportional to the degree of injury that occurred with the re-

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gular lime-sulphur-lead arsenate spray. METHOD 0F USE Tile method of procedure that

seems host follows. For all the early applications. use for each 100 gallons of spray one and a quarter-pounds of lead zirsenate and two and a half gal- lolls of lime-sulphur concentrate. Pre- pare the iron sulphate in advance in the form of a stock solution contain- ing one pound to each gallon of wat- cl" Add one and a quarter gallons of this lo tile partly filled sprayer, then ivllh agitation, add the lead arsenate. and "finally when the tank is nearly full. add the lime-sulphur. Fill the tank to capacity with water and ap- ply.

This mixture is black. but the 1'6- sidue on the trees turns to sort of a rust color after a. few days.

For the late summer spray, such as the one occurring in Michigan a- bout August 1, use Bordeaux, 2-2-100, and lead arscnate. i

LIMITATIONS

It is desirable to emphasize at this point certain facts in connection with the procedure. It is not a cure-all for all the troubles encountered in spray practice, and improvement in the method of its use is undoubtedly pos- sible. The fungicidal value is probab- ly slightly less than that of the rc- gullir llme-sulphilr-lead arsenate spray. Tile fact that excellent results have been obtained in Michizfln d0“ not mean that it Will be equally 5B3" isfactory in other states or district-B where climatic conditions and diseas- cs are entirely different. Little ls known about its use on allyllllll! bill’ apples. In conclusion, there is 11° single spraying treatment that is best in all districts or with every variety. or that meet the standards and P9" 5mm] requlrementslof every BWW" and investigator. For these reasons, it is well that there are sevcrfll BPTBY‘ ing materials and methods to 0110085 from.

Z-i-iii

VPLANT DISEASE . INVESTIGATIONS

(Experimental Farms Note.) The plant disease investigations conducted by the Dominion Plant Pathology Laboratories in Brlfllh Columbia have focussed attention upon the normal plant Mid ll!- all/ll‘ onment. The relation of soil mois- ture to drought 890i. “l” °°"° m‘! iorhcr apple tissue diseases ha! b8"! clearly demonstrated by MP- Mam“ lin the Okiinagan. The apple grow- ‘ ers are now hopeful that methods of -oll and irrigation mansifimlfll Wm be gvglved thllt Will OOIIOCb the l0“ conditions indirectly responsible M‘ t breakdown in aPlll°l-_ 1H“ 9*‘ per enfs have demonat t-llll lfl unfavorable environment may not b0 expressed immediately b! 415"" gympbofns. After ths unfavorable soil-moisture conditions brolllht about root iuliinr. no "mm "I obtained of the well known IP91!- tlssus diseases until the followlnl season. _ ~ mm experiments illustrate that. a

l

__ livorodlflvll- "Ho1man’s t. ~

Inmmoumvllfllwluanrvhfyi

.l:.-"’i> y , . .

hmghy us; grows Mil-DOES“! soil.

For Apple Spray

amount of iron sulphate used. but the

were small. Time may not permit

his knowledge of health symptoms,

of the Hume dam to lfnpolfnd the 1mm of m: Hurray river Australia will have the largest reservoir dam in the world cnoeot the Ilaphonf But-to dam in tbs United States.

Special Features :-:

NEWSY FARNI NOTES‘ By Agricola

canons son HEALTH '

in the diet and the providing of the necessary elements for healthy grow- th and development are the causes. While the child may be given a suf- flelsnt quantity of food, the lack of certain, properties brings about the condition of malnutrition and the WB-Wquent course of cod liver oil and violet rays. Vegetables, particularly the leafy vegetables, are emential in the diet at a very early age. Liberal quantities of milk and leafy vegetables rich in cal- cium are needed. This is where spinach plays an important pin-t in the child's diet and is now considered a staple infant food. Fortunately in large centres of population fresh spinach is available practicaly the year around. In midsummer when the spinach top is out of season there are the beets and Swiss chard to furnish the leafy vegetables.

The leafy vegetables seem to poss- es much of the same relationship to other and heavier foods that milk does. Eaten raw. the leafy vegetables are preventive of scurvy, as they pos- ses the vitamins to avoid this trouble. when cooked they lose much of their property. They do carry iron in form for the human system. ‘

While the proper balance of vege- tables is essential for the good health and development of children, it ls no less essential for the robust health of grownups. Dietitians say that nation- al health and physical perfection‘ falls short of what is should be because of inattention to proper diet and the use of enough fresh vegetables. Stimulation of the consumption of fresh vegetables. they assert, would be an important move toward the general improvement of the physical standard of the nation. The old-fasti- ioned formula of plenty of meal; and potatoes is in need of considerable re- vision to produce the best physical development and general health. Leafy vegetables are needed quite as much as th root and seed vegetables.

Malnutrition in children and bad teeth it is now known, are largely dl-lo to improper diet. Lack of blance

SHEEP AND SWINE BREEDEBS MEET

Messrs Peter Brodie (York.) and U. B. Clay (Bridgetown) were delegates to the executive meeting of the Sheep and Swine breeders Association, held in Quebec. _ Mr. Brodie, on his return, stated in an interview that 300 to 400 delegates attended, and were addressed by Tile Minister of Agriculture of Quebec, and by Dr. Grlsdale of the Federal De- partment of Agriculture. The latter’ attended all meeting and gave valu- able information. , At a meeting in which internal par- asites were discussed, it was estimat- ed that Canadian farmers suffered a, loss of $10,000,000, a year from this cause. Dr. Grisdale stated that the Federal Government would appoint a representative in each province, to work in conjunction with a provincial appointee, and show the farmers how to stamp out this class of disease. At each meeting, members of the Guelph or McDonald Colleges gave addresses on the ways and means of eradicating these parasites. Dr. Gris- dale intimated the appointment of these officials in connection with this work: Mr. H. W. Clay of the Swine and Sheep Dept. for Prince Edward Island: Mr. King for New Bninswlck and Mr. McFarlsne for Nova. Scotia. The delegates of the Shebp Indus- try also held their executive meeting on Thursday morning, and took up the question of organizing on similar lines to the swine breeders. They also considering the eradication of parasit- es. In connection with the latter Dr. Stephenson who is the best authority in Canada or the U. S. A.. will be in Prince Edward Island during Far- mers’ Week and it is to the interest of every farmer to hear. him. Mr. C. B. Clay. of Bridgetown. Kings 00., gave an extensive and valuable report of the Maritime Sheep industry-a report which Wm judged to be the best report from any dele- gate. Mr. Brodie, in conclusion, said that the Quebec people excelled any pro- vince he had been in, in the way they welcomed the delegates.

B

a tree dislikes. The sensitive parts of a tree's anatomy are the little white feeding roots. They express their dislike to soil conditions by turning brown. These roots fortun- ately speak before the real trouble, the breakdown of apples occurs. We appeal to the fruit growers to study their trees from the nursery to the full bearing stage. so that they will be able to detect the healthy trees. Healthy trees grow only upon normal soils, so attempt to create a moisture supply under your abnormal trees that is similar to that beneath your normal trees. Your soil is different from that of your neighbor so your neighbor's practice may not suit you. The livestock man says that a stunt- ed calf is likely to become an un- thrifty cow. In n similar way, the stunted young tree is likely to become a diseased mature tree.

Pathologists find that preventives are usually less costly than cures. But a preventive fence has little ef- fect if the disease is inside, so we are attempting to learn the symp- toms of health as well as disease. In potatoes we find an almost infinite number of virus disease symptoms. An explanation has been found for the existence of so many forms, for potatoes may become infected with combinations of distinct virus dis- eases. Furthermore. the symptoms are different on every soil and under every distinct climatic condition. She farmer is wise who avoids the con- fusion of symptom complexity, by re- moving as "rogues" all plants that do not conform to a high standard of health. ‘

A control measure based upon_ knowledge of health has been applied recently to control a beat disease. In the put. losses have been very se- Wfo from l boot root-rot and wilt that attacks the young plants. There are only alight differences between diseased and healthy plants in their vary early stages, but the farmers saved their crops, who learned to de- tect healthy young plants at the time when blocking and thinning was dons. When healthy plants only were allowed to remain. the losses

the former to study ho symptom of disease. but if he chooses to increase

ha may do o lot to save his crops from disastrous discuss.

i»

with the completion next year

how much their co-oparstlon to

PROTECTION FOR SALMON AND OYSTERS

(Telegraph Journal. N. B.) Two items in the estimates of Parliament are of particular interest to the salmon and oyster fishermen of this province. The hair seal ls a great enemy to salmon in tidal wat- ers. A small amount has been ex- pended from year in year in bount- ies for their capture and destruction. This year the amount has been iri- creased to $50,000. While the seals are plentiful it is not an easy inat- ter to kill and capture them. Far more are shot than appears in the returns. The fisherman who hunt seals have been unable to prevent many of them sinking before they be reached. With the small amount given for bounty in the past there ivas always some uncertainty of reward for the destruction of the salmon enemies, but the larger ap- propriations may remove that dif- ficulty. The seals prey upon salmon in the drift nets. Many a fisherman has ceased fishing when the seals were numerous and active. The dog- flsh which follow haddock, cod and mackeral, is not more destructive than the seal is to salmon.

Instead of ten thousand being spent upon oyster culture three and’ i. hall’ times that amount will be available. This action wlas recom- mended by the Royal Fishery Com- mission. and is none to soon to re- vive that important industry. We know what can be done by_ private effort in certain areas in this prov- lnce and Nova Sootla. and the ex- penditure of public money along simlliar lines should be very benefic- ial. But no effort of government will avail if there is not 00-0991‘!- tion on the part of the people. Pflnce Edward Island. which once was famed for the quantity and quality of its oysters, can regain that prestide if the federal fishery department is permitted to control the areas requlsl in this indust: without interference. Very effective enforcement of the regulations must walk hsnd in hand with, Bovern- ment effort. and assistance. Pro- tection-must ibe established and piracy of the oyster beds prevented. A campaign of education among the DWPls along the coasts showing how valuable oyster culture may be llld

C371

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(h; . is needed might have splendid results.

wiui min, than mm radio sets- inusoNswYci-kleodsslltheothor suites. Pennsylvania being second

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g lllllWl lnh$lt

osmnhlll-

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wlfhmorg than 500.00 and Illinoile third with limit 455.000.

rate goodness towns of clean atmosphere are us‘ agreeable to‘them as country gar- dens. And they have one great extra advantage for small suburban gal" dens in their compactness of growth. They do not straggle and overrun their neighbors. but keep more or less compact and beautify the plot allot- ted to them .

moderate goodness. any garden that is well tilled they will flourish, but if you wish to af- ford them ideal conditions make sure that the ground—for moist loam—ls dug deeply, drained adequately, and enriched with plen- ty of old manure.

specialised in

Pen Picture

With the Birds

OfA Sfifng Thaw In Winter Time

m... York Herald-Tribune)

The snow melts and the brooks fill.

upon a thousand dry beaches, writing . the story of thaw time for those ivlfill eyes to read them.

And while the silent floods leave

their marks upon the meadows. l-lle little brooks dalice and shout. Wllntl kitten is ever so tirelessly alive as a l

drift yielding to the sun wakes it froln its frdzen sleep. It boils, it sings, it! elbows great rocks aside, it hurls it-l self at tosses itself riotously over the cliffs. The silence of the whiter woods is ‘ i ti‘ .

Efggsenilagrlliriigggtlly r1151 Vail: “Sp B]: itlie thick spruce, or into the wood- l h :- . _

the lclrfncillllidelfyfniihéhzvalfitlgzilsc aadd ,Tll0 white-throats seemed to prefer Sign’ portemousklote Th0 pm“ {m tlzewvoodsiied and even the cellar. soothing, but there is ill the sound oi

impossible obstacles and

gurgling brook, as in the distallt

roar of falling water. something C05" mlcaily exciting,

t unlcatet the human V A ifgssmopfrzirgrship m 31s universal ,ligllt lest olir little visitors should be

thaw.

something that

Growing

Pyreth rams

One becomes more and more im-

pressed with the value of the modern pyrethrums in the herbaceous border- They are so hardy and beautiful and give so generous a. return for simple treatment that they ‘deserve the wid- est garden culture.

Given pure air and soil of inode- the gardens around

There are single and double vari-

eties, the former like large margaer- ltes with the brilliant colouring of single chrysanthemums, while the lat- ter resembie asters. They are among ling’. the slugs should be searched m; our most valuable flowers for out- in the dark with a lantern.

ting.

Both singles and doubles give you

the crysanthemum floral form in late spring-that is. in May and June. And that may not be the end of their flowering, if, after the first display» has passed. the plants be cut downi and fed a little with liquid fertilizer}, From this a crop of blooms in early autumn may result.

I have said they require a soil of In the soil of

preference a

Certain firms of nurserymen have

It will be found that there is a

wonderful variety of colours, rang- ing from the sofest rose pinks to dark crimsons, with white, cream, yellow. and violet, shades. Some of the doubles. like the pink "Queen Mary" are extremely dainty, while "Queen Alexandra" is

among other

magnificent white variety ,and

"Yvonne Cayeau" a very charming yellow.

There are plants to set towards the

front of the border, where, ff space permit it, groups of three should be mods, the‘ plants standing triangular- ly about I feet lport. If when in full growth they require support it can b! liven most neatly in the form of

few short, twlggy branches of hazel

or otherwise. the stems being sd-g lasted in position in the forks of the twin. ' Pyrethrums require ample mois- ‘ furs when their buds have appeared if the weather be at all dry, and aft- or some of these artificial watering: orsftarsgoodsfiowonsdosoofli- quid fertiliser may be added witl great benefit. Remove withered bioom- Q from tho mm, and cut the latter