‘mg requl ed ‘weight and condition

. breeding ‘which is followed to enr-

m cnnnborrprowu GUARDIAN ‘~

QFiI

‘

TO FARMERS

“i i

i

noon "rvps H°° MUBTB: EXPbRTA ~ " ‘ ' " ‘ . ‘RED RIGHT TlON 0F EGGS dairy cow, being carried on at the Llpznbgillo insisting; ognflaillil-lbllgs dit ‘xropm-auou o; a“ “mes quwrew I I 6

Hell of Lard Type, Either La

r‘; s. Small, no No Fill m" em

Demand K91‘- lwcon hogs. a oom- parativeiyyuew feature on Unitedi. states marketlbfis ‘giving rise to n. lot of cohtrove sy, regarding the comparative , pesirability of h1g3 type and small-type hogs, for pro- ducingmnilnals best suited to "fill 1

the redial!‘ . l tllrers. o be exact. more consider- ntion lsgiven the! matter of produc-l‘ at a low bet than is given the matter o! producing hogs thatwiil yield a really desirable bacon car- cuss. Breeders who have written to the agricultural and live stock Journals with regard to the matter, no not seem all to be in agreement as to what is a lard hog. which type, is it generally admitted has hall its dflY- , So far as desirable weights ‘for live hogsjtirmnke "bacon are con- corned, the American hog men seem to have the right idea, but the majority of those who write on tho subject seem‘ to be away off as rogards their idea of a right bacon ‘hog. Theifnotions of bacon‘ type are all ‘established on their expert- once with fat hogs of either a small or large type when what they should realize is that the right hog for "bacon production must be bred riu ‘ins " piflferdlc for the purpose.( as form. rather than size,‘ plays the important-part in determining ‘his fitness‘ for de- livering‘ bacon side‘ when butcher ell. For ‘bacon "production. there is no use in having either p. big-typo hog under-sized or a entail fat-typo ori tho’~th1n side. The true bacon- typo hog has to be bred right, and,

without the right foundation stock, -

form is' a Swine

brooding up to bacon slow businvastw-Cunadian Breeder.

LINE anzeoluo""ro ear Tyre‘ ‘or FOWLS

System ofdnbreeiilng Followed to Intensify Gofld Qlillitles

‘ Line breeding olf fowis is often recommended in poultry article-t appearing in farm papers. but H0118 of them ever throw ‘much light on‘ tho methods of practising line breeding that will bring. the best results.

Line breeding is a system of in-

pllaslze the intensity, ‘the good qualities oi one bird or onc pair of birds. it ls tho system of breeding which has produced overt’ He“ strain oi live stock. ‘In brlelksthie-ynystem is as fol- lows‘: A pair of fowls as near the brewer's ideal as possible is se- lected for a ‘beginning. These are brelltode her‘, giving chicks con- taining ‘half the blood of each pnr. "ent. The second year tho original male bird is mated with the pul- lots of the first mating and the fo- lnale of the original mating to bred to the best cockercl. This gives chicks in ‘the male lino that are thrco fourths of the original le- maio blood. The third year ‘the or- iginal male is mated to ‘the host puileis of the second mating and tho the original hen is mated to tho best cockorel on tho female lino of the second your. We now have chicks of the male line with 75 per cent of the male ‘blood Mid chicks of the Ifemaie lino which are 75 per cent of the orizlnulfemnle blood. Now if we select n cockerei of the male llnonfb per cent oi the original mule blood and the he" puilets of the female line. 75'0" cent of the original female blooll. nnd mate ‘these together tho re- sulting chicks will ho half thc blood of the original male and tho original male andtlle original to- male. exactly the some, so far RB bioodlinoss are concerned. as the chicks from the-first mating.

.___I-4>

suv Feln-rluzsne WITH rm: ‘MOST PLANT FOOD

._...__a._ p

The ‘present state of transporta- lion and ‘labor conditions renders it mnro sdvantaleflua ‘totiay than over before to use tho most ooncen lrlltoll forlms of “fertlillzerit. when ll fllrlnor buys a ton of the average romlnemiwl fertilizer, he buys ,‘ln rolllity not more than about 300 bounds ofnotunl plant fwd ole- monts. ‘For example a ton of 16 tlorcent acid phosphate, the host grade on the ‘niitrkoi, contains about .140 pounds of available phosphorus, or a ton of 2-8-2" fer- tilizer contains about i146 pounds of phosphorous, nitrogen and p0~ tussium. For t b reason that the plant food elements ‘in fertilisers can novel- contiiin 100 percent of actual plant food.

in Ibuying a. o or low grade grtiiiizeir. Mg?!‘ l I plant fool; is . la n . o at f sac pg handling an; grumbling-lathe

Iwn of

same for g either kind.

manuihctumr out sell the plant food Ina big-ll‘ grade ‘fertilizer chewer. per pound, than hqcan the plant food in‘: law grade for;

other; in other were». as a zenith »

at rule, the higher the grade, the cheaper can tlle- ptantrooll be 0008M. i 8o rat-mere are advised to purchase only lush eralie farti- more; ‘that is, those containing _ _ puree tapes of the semen which ‘it “Fdelifbiflll obtain. This would gmeun ‘or lliple, the pur- chase d! n1 or 1A percent acid

iliiocphl b" buxom a 10,01‘ 1i Montreal laid, that the average "WM, Q belt. rule fl production today fol-the average to " ' ‘f rtilinr which will dairy 01w was n very little over

0 M M‘! “I til: p oust p" lb he t

'I\B(oucd aoEO B;

Therefore it ' is evident ‘that the»

l 100d élb- ilé

A valuable trade has spruhg up l" "W611i Years in the exportation 0f 9888- In order to encourage and conserve this trade under me provisions ofKtbe Live Stock and hive Stock Products Act, the Dom- lnion is divided in two sections eastsnd west. for the carrying "PP! ll llwfiillsiixoing inspection service. Ontario. east of Port

9111.911" o! 111° 1110110139: Arthur, Quebec ppd the Marmme. the eighteen gave an average of

Provinces. . constitute the eastern section and all west of the great lakes the western. For the eiovan months of last year extending from January i to November 30, 334,111 cases of eggs were inspect. ed. of which 148,668 cases were consigned to Great Britain. llt has been found that inspection is often requested by shippers not only for the export but also forfihc domestic trade. inspection la by approval, 1119 shipper being required to candle and grade the eggs accord- ing to the Canadian standards, marking the cases with the class and grade of the contents. inspect- ion Js then made on requisition. If tho shipment is found properly graded a, certificate of approval is issued and the case officially mark- ed. inspectors at seaboard " or“ advised of shipments going their Wily and they are required to re- port conditions on arrival, super-

vise methods of handling and owing on shipboard and keep track of marketing conditions.

Stops are also being taken for the

hotter control of eggs ‘imported in-

to Canada.

-_.__an+>_.__ BROlLERS

i . (Experimental Farm notes)

‘if broilers nre to ‘be produced -ln any great number. thoy can be sold toadvautngc only where there uro a considerable number of buyers who are not obliged to consider the price and with the exception of‘ a. fow health and pleasure re- sorts tliis class of buyers is not numerous, outside the larger cities. "The broiler is a very profitable adlunct of the poultry business if properly handled and marketed ‘from the early spring to the end of Juno, when PHUGS are high. Every poultry breeder however, may not bo ~irl ll position to take advantage of l“ls trade

MARKET EARl-Y COCKERALS AS BROILERS

Fm‘ too ntstfy male chicks that would be available for the broiler inllrket ore carried over to the soft rooster stage 0r evon longer, with tho erroneous iden that the bigger the ‘bird the larger tllo prof- it. lt should be borne in mind that tho larger bird is growing and feeding on a fest dobllning market and will probably reach it at thc lowestpbb, The sale of the cock- orals ns broilers will curry tho cost of raising the pulictsio maturity.

TIME TO HATCH

To catch the host market they must bo hatched before the last of April, and take about two months to rettcn tho desired weight. The males oi’ almostnny pure bred are in demand. Even diegborns at this ago will be eagerly ncceptetl onibo market, if plump and wcii dressed.

Tho broilers mlly run with thc rest of th’e flock of chicks llnd be fell the ss-mc until approaching one pound in weight and should then be separated and placed in small yards or pens, fed only soft mash, consisting of two parts corn meal. two parts ground buckwheat and one part ground oats or simliiar flitting, ration. mixed with sour skim milk or buttermilk. The mash should be fed fairly thin and in troughs, three times a day. Give the birds all they will eat. then clean out the troughs. Allow no feed to remain before the birds be- tween lnenis. _

lf sour milk is given for drink it will arid to the palatibliity of tin; meat and hasten tho gain in weight and an abundance of green feed should bu avails-bio or provided.

,. KILlLING AND MlARKiETING

Broilers are exceedingly tender and great care should be exercised in plucking. it may ho advisable to nlllrket alive if the price can be

adjusted to compensate for tho time saved tho shipper, but if shipped dressed thev should be carefully packed and graded so

ihnt encll package is uniform in quality and weight. By marketing the surplus cor/k- ei-lils nil broilers. a quick and prof- itable return in effected, nnll nn income provided at n season when there, is not much return other- wise front the poultry and when the funds aro often acceptable to provide feed for the growing flock. . The sale of cockerals as broil- ‘ors has the added advantage of helping to distribute tho prolillcc over the year. rather than selling so much‘ in tho fall when cockerals are usually sold. I W. 1'. SCOTT Experimental Farm . j Ottawa.

. --—lb4.&——--— oaaomo up "rus even/to: ,DAIIY risen

_t__..

(Experimental Farm Note)

‘beef ti. ol-trarlo. speaking be- fore the ityrshire breeders! in

8000 poundsfpar lactation period when it ibould bDylLiOllf. 5000 " ‘ o vfitabie

Experlmtntai Farm‘. Nappen N. 8., show that by the use of pure-bred sires. from high producing dams, on average cows of breeds. the Mild-pound mark can quits easily be obtained. For in- stance;

the dairy

the experiment has only been can led on for eight years and eighteen cows have finished their sixth lactation period with an‘ av- erage of 5268 ipountis. Ten out of‘

276.8 pounds. There arc some two-year-oids in the herd today. that are milking around thirty-five and thirty-seven pounds, others have just completed their year's work with close to 8000 pounds‘ to their credit. '

It is of paramount importance at ‘the present time, that the dairy herd should be given first place (\- th-Q farm‘ anlLfurthormore, that both thought and energy should be put into bur breeding work. ln order that the maxi-mum profit for lnbourpfced and money invested nlay be realized.

The grading up experiment st the Experimental Farm, Niipplifl has demonstrated the following. First, that by using u pure-bred sire from a high-producing dnm on the average dairy cows the per- centage of daughters superior to dams will be materially increased. Second. that by the use of such a sire you will not only improve the milking qualities of tho ilerli bllt will establish uniformity and dairy typo of tho highest order. Third. that by thc combined use of the iced scnlcs, milk scales and Bnbcock tester you can easily lo- cate thc unprofitable cows. Fourth, that by we-otling out thc unprofitable ones you can raise your standard of production. Wlllfiil in turn will increase your yearly lroflt.

Fifth, tilut by having tho heifers froshcn at thirty-two months ruth- or than twenty-four to twenty» eight months. o3 so often practised you got a more profitable cow.

-_--<0>-——-—- FEEDING TURKEY POULTS As soon as hatching is rumble!- ed‘ l| is best to remove the hen onzi

hcr brood to n coop whnro the hon (‘sun ho confined while the poulis can run outside. The coop

should be dry null well ventilated llnll must he made so that it clln be closed up :11 night to keep oui enemies. A coop about. four feet square is sufficiently l-zlrgo and it should lbo located on short grass whore the poults mzly riln without gcttlilg lost or wet.

Food very little ut a limo and keep the pouils hungry practically till of the time. Ii‘ fond is source in thc run food thcln about. fivo limos daily, but Just fecll small quantities each time ‘When they get n little inrgor and uhvo Access. to o larger rengc they can be toll less frequently. Even then do not overfceli.

Melly different feeds are used successfully, such no hard ‘polled 652s. stoic bread soaked in milk and" then squeezed dry, plnhclld 0M8. cracked wheat and cracked corn. Various mixtures of those can ‘be made up. fl variety being advisable. Aftcr tho poults are ihrce weeks old they may be given n steady diet of cracked whollt and rorll or a chick ration. in ilmo this method of feeding can he changed to ‘giving whole cnrn and possibly a little wheat 1W1“, dnlly.— M. A. J.

Much has been written regard-ins the merits [of slimmer tpnunim’, Hill“. Tliflfliidlllfliiiil} lllisfferenc-os of opinion exists us i0 its value. in W58 D-"lfl. this is due to n mis- conception nf“the proper time‘to summer prltno. Summer pruning has ‘been practised at two distinct- ly different periods. One period is early in tho summer, probably the first or middle of June to the first of July: the other period is later in the season. just as the terminal buds are forming. This lottor typo is adopted with the idea of promoting the formation of fruit buds, but, according to re- sults frolll the Vinelnnd ‘Station, it has not boon attended with suffic- iently desirable results to warrant continuance. ‘

The first type referred to, name- ly ‘pruning in early summer, has proved quite useful in experiments conducted at Ottawa. 'l‘his sys- tem hns boon referred to frequent ly by Lilo Oregon Experiment Sta- tlonn. its main use is with ex- ceptionally vigorous growers which produceflong nnnulll growth wit but. fowdaiqrals. 'l‘llo llltlnllit lyultfulnnsgyf p treo is dependent

";l".—‘\~A.J_E'V' than" GUT rl‘—. PR1

cw.- Al‘ l..- >" -

t “WI. IUv-‘r M .,l I'\fI--\[ qxllil‘ wrist. QMKBU! straw» us ‘so sec JACK benches ll-l ms SPARMNG EYJUBFHN“ WNW! ‘

l‘ l!

--- K‘

pendent upon the amount of wyoq or surface which is capable of pro- duclng fruit buds. ‘but few laterals lsvnot capable of such grout prfldilciifln as One with a fairly large spaced laterals capable of bearing fruit spurs. of fostering the formation of a

- SUMMER PRUNING or APPLgg K

‘ivlulririfunilnrr-

‘ vie/u‘ ‘on Tu.

lA tree with

‘number of well

Hence the» necessity

reasonable number of lateral branches tin those varieties which do not tend to produce thcln. Early summer pruning is an aid in this direction.

Early in the season when n branch bus produced, say 10 inches of growth, thus reaching a ‘point where it could stand a latorlll brunch, if it lg pinched off at this point a lateral w.ill likely be produc ed close to the point of pinching, while at the same time the bull, to which the main leader was pinched. will continue its growth so that by the end of thc season instead l.f having a long brunt-ll 24 inches or more in length, with out a Eatcrnl, there is formed it growth of about the same length but with a lateral midway or libereabonis. This saves cutting off, say, l0 or more inches of wood in the spring in order to encourage the formation of laterals. 'i‘hlls, instead of relcguting 35 or 40 per cont. 0i‘ the trcc-f-nwood to the brush heap In nrlicr to attain a certain end, only o very small per

ceningc noed be thrown alvlly, and ~

in addition to conservation of cn orgy, a yenr may be gained in sllllp lflg the iron. This system cannot be unqllallfiedly recommended for slow growing varieties, but it is very useful for rampant and strnggly growers. ‘1’

‘So, from ihc beginning of iii tree's lift- the idea is to practice the minimum amount of pinning compatible with good form and vigor oi’ the tree. zidoptlng either spring or l1 combination of both rpring and early summer pruning depending, upon the habit of the variety in question. Willi this iliPll. in mind anll fully carried nllt thorn will not he nny nccessiiltyl‘ fnr the butchering of trees.

-——-<-0-c-——-- AN EFFORT TO DEVELOP COM- MUNITY BREEDING AND MAIN-i

TAlN EXPORT QUALITY m

BACON - .

Unlicr tho direction 0f thc Foll- lsrzll Minister of Agriculture through the Dominion Llvc Slliklf llrnncb in cooperation tvlth ll ,. Provincial Departments of Agricul- iltro, ll Dolniulon-udtlc effort ‘ being made in lllilintiiill ihlll. l1ulll-' iii’ in (‘zlnulliun Blllznn lvililrh yours Iago first procured for it zustonllyi i outlet in the British market. Aggro-i

sive foreign competition for Brit». sins bat-on reqnirenloqts makes such an effort of lnflflifi important-e if Canada is to ilflhi her prl-sent vol. lume‘. of trllllr‘. Thc value of bacon

1920. was $34.000,000.(i00. ill“! BOYS and Girls lPig Clubs ai- ironll-y in operation in the provinces iii

w silortly be organized.

quality of ilogs which

in view.

project and every effort will be made to organize throughout Can- adian trorolsted move to bacon quality on,_th»3

og. Very attractive money

exhibit at their local fair. The most important lfeatnro of the movement is the stimulation of community sqrirlt, recognized as it ds as being one of tho greatest forces in promoting uniform and profitable Droliulcllon. ln lllllliilon judging comp-etitions will be hold. All competitions will be conducted in such n manner lls to effective- ly link up production to actual market" requirements. llnll thicro- by stimulate adherence in n sland- srll typo throughout the dominion.

Fannie-rs organizations, nnd all departmental officials wlil get solidly behind this move to safe- guard; that which by‘ ViFilII.‘ of} quality has become ll grout nation- al industry, one of considerable financial villus to tho dominion and us well, in normal tildes. one of the chief resources of fllrln rov- cnuc.

Now that business is returning to normal channels, Vcolnnllarcinl sllbrenlnlsy in the world's bacon

Herlor quality, us woil as on rog- ular volume ‘of pT°llil¢l~ "nifty

c6 \ kib‘ s LAYeu

/

M‘! SON GAS

market will again dopcnd on sup-

Rnlegw Atop some hub est min 1W5

‘rout-t PASS A $

aver cots" can. You

ed, honest recognition of the fact

that our bacon industry needs at- tention and appreciation of the

value of s market which annually

imports over 500,000,000 pounds of bacon, can secure for-‘Canada the premier place among‘ the bacon exporting countries of tho world.

NOTE: An outline of compet- ition and rules and regulations gov crning the same will be available at an curly date. and copies will ho forwarded to tiloso on the Doin- iniun Live Stuclo Branch mulling list.

POTATO TLERfJENTENAFlY

Introduced in Tlnited States from . “Bermuda .

(New York Tribune‘)

Tho centenary of tho planting of the first potato in the United Status will bc noxt December. ucrorliing anthropology of the Field Museum, Chicago.

“The potato cntproll this country" "r. lullfer sllill, in an iifiiifikiS be- (or tho American "Association for tne Advancement of Science, "not an allotted illlnri of Spanish lulven turers, but in perfectly rospl-ctabic. manner from liillflllliliil, where it hurl boon ‘lnt-rltlllllrrl some. yours ‘previously from England frunt "it is ii prank of potatoes tilot thc ‘potato c-rit:intllly' n llonizcxl of (Yliilo null Pvt-u, zlpponrs ilh‘ n mit- urzllized lingilsllnlnn in the Unitoll States. The ltoiato ilall arrived in England about 158G or at littiu iat- or.

"For a long tlnlo tho belief was entertained by botanists that tnll opcnauk described among tlll- will! roots oi‘ Virginia il_\' 'l‘bolnas Harlot. in 1588 was to represent our potato. This spclsllllliion is erroneous. iizl in from the history of thc llornlud- as now lmtko it perfectly‘ clear that the piliiiil) wit.» one of thc {iiunts wilicli, at thc time and until tllcn (that is 1621i Viginilt hull not.