. ° as. L, LE pheasants she and companions

shot in Wyoming's Fremont County. It was the first hunt-

Donna Golden..Casper Star reporter of Casp , Wyo. an her dog Rebel wit fhe bag of

Use OfTeaching Machines Touches Off Lively Debate

By MEL SUFRIN teacher of considerable exam Canadian Press Staff Writer imarking and other routine Schools in a handful of com- lwork, he says. munities across Canada havel “It leaves the teacher with embarked on an educational ex-lmore time to devote to individ-

riment that is generating ual students which is almost im- vely debate. ‘ possible when he is forced to In Slmple terms. it‘s thaltake every student in a large

teaching machine experiment. jclass through every stage of a Educationists prefer to discuss gcourse," it in its broad context—pro-[ The big advantage seems to armed learning with mach-glue that students can move at lmcal P6113. 'their own pace, Mr. MacKenzie

The Idea of a Student siltlnslsays. Bright ones aren't forced down before an electmnic de- l to move so slowly that they lose Vice to learn mathematics orlinterest. Below . average Stu. FrenCh intrigues many 6duca-;dents aren't required to move tionists and laymen. Others dis- jtoo quickly and can thus cover miss it as just another lad. the work thoroughly.

One thing that most seem to‘COST IS HIGH agree on, however, is that thei While programmed lnstmc. machine will never replace the .;tion is still in its infancy. cost teacher. One informed estimate {has already arisen as an impor. 18 that at most it will take OVEI‘ Etam; question_ The simplest de. no more than one-third of class- vice may cost only 3 few do}. room work. llars. The more expensive ones

Just what impact teaching exceed a thousand_ machines will make on Cana-. One elaborate affair employs dian education d e p e n d s -)n ‘ a sort of television screen which many things, not the least of which is the cost of the ma- chines themselves and the pro- grams that are to be fed into

gtion with three or more state- fments at the bottom. The stu- 1dent reads the page, then indi- em. lcates by pushing one of a num- MOSlf lm D o rt a n i will he lber of buttons which statement , whether results of experiments he thinks is correct. convince authorities that ma-j If he gets the right button he chines can do a better job. at 1 is told he has answered cor- least in some subjects, than hu- i rectly. The screen then switches l to a new page of material. If ghe'a wrong he's told where he 1 made his mistake. Now the only Ibutton that will work is the one lthat returns him to the previous ﬁframe to try again. ' One adverse reaction to the from Robert

Experts emphasize that the program is the key. A machine, they say. is useless without a carefully prepared program of instruction. And. some contendu children can be taught just as well without a machine as long

machines comes Warren. superintendent of Cal-

1exposes a full page of informa- 1

‘10 The Guardian, Charlottetown, Mon. Nov. 12, 1962

Am (1m; 4»- q-“v,

Are Careiu

OTTAWA (CPl—How sleep the brave? Sunday was Remembrance Day

the pause to remember the 100.- 000 Canadians who died in war since 1914. and it is perhaps

Graves Of War Dead

Ily landed

fitting to quote a few excerpts lfrom the latest report of the 'Commonwealth War Gra vs I .Commission-

. “Constant day to day care of lthe graves and cemeteries has

\ . 3‘

cH'

\ ing trip for the brunette Miss Golden. The 5

through Nov. 18. ,

3 through a course of study in one subject.

i‘ Months of testing are neces- zsary to determine whether a program has been put together .so that one phase leads natur- ally to the next in perfect pro- ,gression.

, The cost is significant in Can- lada where each province is re- sponsible for its own educa-

tional program and curricula may vary. In Toro to it was found that

.a single copy of a programmed ;Grade 9 course in algebra ran l$13.25, just' double the cost of a ilconventional textbook.

lPROVINCES WATCHING l While experimental programs lare not formally recognized .by provincial education depart- lments, they are being watched lwith interest. Typical of gov- ernment reaction is the com- ment of Malcolm MacKenzie, IPrince Edward Island's deputy

don. St. Catharines. Ottawa, Burlington, Toronto and its sub- urb of Etobicoke. Current tests\will run to De- cember with progress reports from teachers every 10 days. Each class is split into three one working entirely machines and pro- grammed material, one learn- ing just from programmed in- struction in textbook form, the other by traditional methods. Results will take at least 18 months to correlate. NOT PERFECT Mr. McKeown says It is ap- parent that programmed self- instructionai machines have a great deal to offer if a number of inherent weaknesses can be remedied. ' He says it is unlikely that the less - sophisticated. less - ex- pensive devices will ever com- pletely overcome the problems accommodating individual differences but disagrees with those who suggest experiments are a waste of time because perfection has not been tain . Prince Andre-w High School in Dartmouth, N.S., is one where machines are being used for the first time this fall. A rude to class of 30 is being ught algebra. Principal Ger- ald J. McCarthy says this class and another being taught con- ventionally will write the same. final exams and results will be compared as part of the experi-

men . Another school taking the plunge this autumn is Holy Heart of Mary regional school in St. John's, Nfld., where a Grade 9 class will use 35 mn- chines for algebra. In Montreal, where three Pro- testant schools are trying ma- chines. H. G. Ferrabee, teach- ing aids consultant for the board, says: “As far as I can see. machines are of more use in adult education. You need a certain maturity so they will probably be aimed primarily at the secondary schools." COLLEAGUE DISAGREES His colleague, Mr. Matthews, disagrees on this point. “The level of learning for which these machines are used doesn't seem to matter," he says. “It fits into elementary and second- ary programs equally nicely.” Machines are in only limited use on the Prairies, chiefly show teachers what they can do. Two machines are being used in Portage la Prairie and Oakville in Manitoba. Regina bought one this fall

‘always been the principle guid- ing the commission’s horticul- tural work. . . .

“A considerable measurenof success has already been achieved in finding and testing suitable machines, 18 small me. chanical edge trimmers having cut between them in a season 3,500 miles of lawn edges. . . .

"In northern Europe the gar- deners experienced a very try- ing year. Few of the cemeteries have water supplies laid on and the sustained drought, allied to

exceptional heat. caused much damage and loss on the heaviest as well as the lightest soils. On the former very bad cracking occurred.

“Losses were most severe on the sandy soils of Holland and

bers of ornamental heathers succumbed and the turf deteri- orated badly.

“Fortunately most of the

east Belgium where large num- Y

losses could be replaced from stock held in the commiuion’s nurseries and in most cases the rass made a very good re. covery in the autumn. The dis- play of roses was almost uni- versally excellent. . . .

NORMANDY BEAUTY

“The task of reviewing tree- pianting in those cemeteries of the 1914-18 war where the’trces were no longer satisfactory was continued. . . .

“The cemeteries in Nor- mandy have reached a partic- ularly beautiful stage of matur- ity now that the trees. shrubs and climbing pergola plants have grown to an extent at which they provide the perfect foil to the buildings of pale Normandy stone. In the major- ity of these cemeteries. where there is some shelter from the strong, salt-laden winds. growt has been remarkably rapid.

“in Italy the previous year’s experiments with indigenous strains of grasses were con- tinued and very real improve- ments were made in the quality of the turf in some of the most difficult cemeteries. . . .

“In Greece the horticultural standard of the cemeteries in the Salonika area was raised to a very high level and a strik- ingly successful technique for planting the pedestal borders was evolved. . . . r

“Considerable h o rt icultural improvements were ma e '

okohama war cemetery in-

cluding the planting of roses.

along the lines of plaques." commission maintains

for use at one school for re- medial work on Grade 9 alge- bra and spelling.

ent of Regina high schools, says teachers there haven't taken a stand on the machines, waiting to see what they can do before passing judgment.

“If used as they should be.“ he says, “I can see a good fu- ture for them."

Two inexpensive machines were used in Roman Catholic junior high schools in Edmon- ton during the latter part of last term F. P. O’Hara, assist- ant superintendent of separate schools, says they “didn't seem to offer any more than a text- book would have” although some students. especially the boys. seemed to like the idea of a machine.

In British Columbia, Kitimat has a $15,000 language labora- tory at Mount Elizabeth High School. “‘It has been a wise in- vestment," says princin Roy Berry. “Some 175 students have

ﬂuency and language writing."

The Fraser Valley community of Langley has also experi- mented with machines but hasn’t come to any conclusions.

A Grade 10 English class at John Oliver High School in Van- , uver is using programmed instruction without the ma-

ines.

At the University of British Columbia a programmed learn- ing study centre opens this fall and teachers and district super- intendents will be invited to attend.

a O

O 5"

24,787 cemeteries. The registers for the First World War con- tain 1.104.890 names, those for the Second World War,579,429 names.

Leon Cartier). One

immigration to Canada of the parents of citizens regardless of age and coun of lgin The other would

qualification for Canadian citi- zens to 18 years from 21.

Canada's Unemployment Insur- ance Commission ha responding with the chairman of the Maine Insurance Commis‘

of the two commissions is ex.

ski) that his department in the

Create!!! (I. - Montreal would facilitate

01' .

reduce the age

The chief commissioner of

sion concerning unemployment

can state, LaborMinister Starr said. He told Jean-Paul Cook, (SC—Montmagny-L'Islet) that a ate for a meeting of officials

pected to be set soon.

Transport Minister B a l c or told Gerard Legare (L—Rimou-

s been cor- , September,

insurance benefits for Cana- a diode employed in that Ameri-

currenf fiscal year plans to spend $156,214 on maintenance, repairs and improvements to the airport at Mont Joli. Que._ of which $37500 would be for unspecified improvements.

worth $16.m,006 were awarded by the defence production de~ partment in the first half of with Nova Scotia firms receiving 3.3 per cent of the total value. However, the department told John B. Stew- Antigonisb - Guysbor- ough) contracts placed directly in any one province did not re- flect the impact of defence pro- curements in that province as they did not take into account the extent of subcontracting and source of raw materials.

(L—

’1 n

Defence Minister Harkness

W J J. Walker. superintend-r

benefitted by improving oral .

House Briefs

OTTAWA (CP)Defence Min- ister Harkncas said ere the government has no plans to build new armories under- ground. He added in a Com- mons reply to Perry Ryan (L— Toronto Spadina) that use of armory basements .as fallout shelters is being considered.

J. A. McBain, parliamentary secretary to Transport Minister Balcer, said the government expects to introduce at this ses- sion legislation required to put into effect its announced policy of May 12, 1961. to restrict the St. Lawrence Seaway - Great Lakes coasting trade to Cana~ diam-registered vessels. He was replying to Lionel Chevrier (L— Montreal Laurier).

.__. ‘ The Commons gave first read- ing to two bills introduced by

Cape Breton South) he will in-

A total of 3.854 contracts ported

told Malcolm Maclnnis (NDP— ce

vestlgate prospective layoffs at the RCAF’s Sydney, N.S., sta- tion. Mr. Maclnnis urged him to take action to‘ prevent any layoffs.

The defence department re- that the original con. struction cost of the radar sta- tion at Mount Apica in the Laur. cotton: was $10,000,000 and that improvements cest a further $3,000,000. Annual operating cost of the station, which has a staff of 69 civilians and 321 service- men, is $2,000,000 and the pay. roll amounts to $1,500,000 3 year, the department informed H. -Plt Lessard (L—Montreal St. Hen ).

The government has spent $406,292 to date on construction of the Alma (Lake St. John), Que, airport and its landing strip, Transport Minister Bal- r tol H. -Pit Le Montreal St. Henri).

The Hennessey Funeral Home wish to announce that we are still operating from our present location 97 Kent Street. A statement regarding our new site will be made soon. I

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{minister of education.

e says there is no definite provincial policy on teaching, machines but that they are‘ being used for Grade 4 and 5 mathematics at Parkdale ele. Lmentary school in Charlotte- .town and if results are favor- . able they may be put to greater use

l Ontario has perhaps the ' b r o a d e s t experimental pro- gram. Edward McKeown of Tor- onto's Williamson Road public school is heading tests with 1.500 Grade 4 children in Lon-

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as the program is a good one. gary public school board. Charl tte ' A Cross - Canada Survey by “The companies have gone l‘ t . o “w- . 3mm”. Mr A w M on-Pr ’ 'tl'hlie Canadian Press shows that hog - wild making complicated ‘1: GOSBNOR‘ . WWW“. . All"!th ' ° ' “ﬂies ov‘ 1'99"" 5 fall about 20 communities and expensive equipment. Wei‘t- I”, ' . are experimenting with teach- realize programmed learning 11’ BACK‘E Agents Throughout th. Prov‘nco Hon' ‘5' w' M'P'l Randy's“ Twm'nga“ ing machines and programmed could help a lot 0i Sindenls- ‘ c - - -:u- - . b

oth slow and fast students. But at this stage they are too ex- exotic push - button electronic pensive. If the prices came marvels that steer a student down and the machines were a ugh a course of instruction little simpler to operate we'd at his own rate of learning to start using them on all experi- a simple hand-operated device mental baSlS. Perhaps in one that exposes blocks of subject school to Start With." material through a plastic Wln- AVOIDS FRUSTRATION ‘ Dr. A. R. McKinnon. director ‘of research for the Toronto {Board of Education, says an ,sdvantage of this type of pro- lgl‘ammed instruction is that the ‘student is never In the dark about how he is do

leaning. The machines range from

~ ow.

I. The teacher‘s role is dis- cussed by H. R. Matthews. su- pervisor of the course of stu .

f, I for Montreal’s Protestant school

:2. <

‘12‘ “Machines can‘t replace the LL". '0ch 0|“ Compete Wllll her." No matter how long it takes 1,... he "38- "It must be leaChP-l‘ [he ultimately comes up with the and machine. Lots 'Of the drill iright answer. he says, adding : ‘ work and role learnlng can POI“ gthat the minor success leads to hops be better and more cffi- imajor success. deﬂtly done by machine. leav-' ing the teacher free to carry . out the more significant aspects 8 education. . .results from inability to keep “One disadvantage is that 1up with the rest of the class. when a child is taught by ma-l If machines are expensive, so “also; no personal relationship. Fare properly prepared pm- In affectionate |bond can de- lgrams. One estimate based on .. velop. Also, mbchines ignore lwork being done in California g completely the value of group , Is that it may cost as much as ; discussions as an educational $550,000 for a team of experts to .1» . ,draw up a ro ram that will .- “As for advantagﬂ. ll l‘ef- llead a studgntgstep by ste)

student may avoid the sense of frustration that often

The average or below-average _

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It - When the student stops. the ma- ; ' chino s too.”

QUESTIONS VALUE f D. B. MscKenzle. assistant n ‘ tendent of the Vancou- l Pal-en.“ PM“ PM

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(W l Btu-FLAME I

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"We can find no proof that -mlchines are worth

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‘M‘ m have used them: . In” racial! the conclusion ST”. 0"" 0st lasts a: well but \

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