l v r It t‘,

fi< X fliF-IQQ? ‘

There’ s a big investment behind the gas for every car

Finding oil and bringing it to you-in the kind of products you need, and at low prices-is a big job and takes a lot of money. Behind that dependable supply are thousands of Canadians engaged in finding, producing, transporting, refining and marketing-working with tools that cost hundreds of millions. But the investment in those tools is your guarantee oi adequate supply and minimum price.

FIRST, the oil must be found. This means expensive equipment and the risHng of money in patient search. A single deep test drilling rig is worth half a million dollars and one unsuccessful well in the Alberta foothills has cost more than a million. Then when oil fields are found, they must be developed; just to drill and equip one well in the Leduo field costs about $100,000.

IIUOIID, crude oil must be transported to a refinery. Tank cars, pipe lines and ocean and lake tankers are the vehicles. A large pipe line may cost $100,000 a mile; Imperial’s laraest tanker. iust nut into service, cost more than $5 millions.

TIIID, the crude oil must be refined into hundreds of useful products. Large and complex refining units are the workman's equipment here. To meet your increasing needs ior more and better products Imperial since the war has added refining capacity to process an extra 31,000 barrels per day. The cost was more than $30 millions.

IOUITI, the products must be marketed-this means they must be made available to you when and where you need them. The tools of the marketer are such things as service stations, truck fleets, coastal ships, barges, oil drums and tanks. This equipment, too, adds up to millions.

Canadians are using twice as much oil as in 1939. To help meet your increasing needs Imperial has sought and found new fields, built ships and pipe lines, erected new refinery units, installed new marketing equipment. It costs more than twice as much to do these things as before the war.

The money we needed to do these things came from borrowing, from the sale of investments and from earnings put hack into the business

~aiter paying dividends.

This money is helping to provide the tools to bring you all the oil ‘you need-at the lowest possible price.

Bringing you oil is s big loll-end s costly one. IMPERIAL OII. LIMITED

If you're Interested in facts . . .

The prloe of a gallon of gasoline today Is about the some as the price of a gallon of distilled water. ’

For years before the war the wholesale price of gasoline dropped almost sleadlly and although lthas been caught in the general upswing of costs ll has not increased nearly as much as other commodities. '

Since 1939 the general wholesale price index has more than doubled but the petroleum products price index has advanced by less than two-thirds.

On its I948 operations Imperial earned a profit equivalent to less than one cent o gallon for each gallon of products sold

OUR BOARDIN G HOUSE

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MAJOR HOOPLE

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Yes, we HPNEfi/OL) 81o PUFF- OF BAGPIPE wmo!“ I'M some weu. ENZSOY THE.- TELEVISION ssfl-wws HAVE ‘ll-la Mona/Joe “was, we Have -~Auo wees some To HANG osrro rr, Areas-r we ?

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srzsewmcaMara-raa! HAN.‘ olouw rr BOWL you oven, wmutuo $500 AND ATELE- vlslou sew no A SLO6AN coarser you Maven DREAMED 0F ENT€RING?~ Han-Hen! Bur

FOR PRESSING 815N555, I'D —/

have sPeo uome TO HELP CELEBRATE .' - sm- HAVE we zeceweo oora 1721255 ?

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THE LAZERTE

awrultment and Selection

1. ‘Ilhc tnlslness-lnduslrial-pro- fesslousl group passes judgment. as follows on the teaching profes- sion:

(s) Salaries arc too low.

(b) Iuachers should have more thorough l-Lalning, end

(o) ‘Phere should be more care- ful selection of those to be train- ed.

Toachcrs-ln-trsinln: see In teaching certain advantages. It ls a social service, interesting be- cause one works with young peo- ple and because the job cslls or Initiative. They think that. e chief disadvantages are that n1- sr-les sre too low. llvlng and work- In: conditions sre often too un- attractive, and the general public falls to recognise the worth of the tcaohersf services.

‘Ibese advantages and dlssdvn- tages may be reflected in the ease or difficulty of teacher recruit- ment.

2. Fifty-three decimal alght per cent of high school students and 28.7 per cent of teacher-trainees who were questioned had been olvan s personality or en sptl- tudc test. Most. of the tests were given ln grades XI and X11.

3. The majority of teachers-in- servlcc selected teaching because: (a) ‘Ihey believed themselves suited to this type of social ser- vice. and

(b) They liked to work with children.

There are. however, In tlhls group of teachers, many (15 per cent) who selected teaming be- cause of low entrance require- ments or because they intended to use teaching only ss s stap- plng-stone to some other vocation. 4. success In teaching, if such success Is measured by mes-ks ss- sltned in, teaching. is probable and can be foretold if a student rates high on the A-Test o! personality. has has gainful employment before comm; to the) teacher-training institution and hss had social experience as lead- er of various groups. Success In teaching ls. ln one study reported. rstfher proportional to average standing tn matriculation exsmln- atfons.

5. Both the business-industrial- professional and the teachers-in- servlce groups favor an increase In the number of scholarships to ald students with university and teacher-training programs,

6. 715s opinion of a large group of teachers. corroborated by the student veterans’ statement, is that:

(l) 111111111: Noifarns should be revised. The content should be made more vital. There should be less theory and more practl- cal application of whatever theory 1! Dresented. draining should In- clude help with student guidance. (b) Practice-melting i; "m. i191! “Defiance. There should be

1. alas: l. 60R: 3, cat; 4. hare;

of its life.

plants.

the body Is composed part of it ls oxidized within

ls liberated.

able to move about other kinds of world Throush the burning

engines man secures light,

all living us ganisms.

In orgsnlc compounds. Other plant products have

, are the largest of flowering plants

and rneonvlna In common?

set up to do?

the U. NJ!

The Charter of the U. N. was

world sre to achieve peace

security. 1t elrns to prevent rsthe

5, marten: 6. donkey; 7, monkey; 3. "l1; 9. ewe; 10. beaver; 11. PLANT

Every animal ls ln some way da. Pendent upon plants every moment

Everywhere man and other ant- mals use plants directly as food, or sat other animals that feed on

Directly or Indirectly all animals are dependent upon plants a; the source of food. During the growth of the animal s part of this food is transformed by physiological pro. ceases Into the substances of which A larger the tissues of the animal, and energy As a result of this liberated energy the temperature of the body of the animal Is often maintained above that of its sur- roundlngs, and the animal ls also and to do

of such plants derivatives as wood, coal, beneflcent. petroleum and gas In furnaces or heat. electricity, and mechanical energy by which he has been able to modl. fy his Immediate environment, sup- plement his own ability to move about. and transport materials and supplies wherever they are needed. These two products of green plants —food substances and chemically bound energy, are Indispensable to

Certain substances, derived from plants, which are essential to the health of sll anlrnsls sre. the vita- mins and mineral elements bound

be-

QUIZ

1. What ls meant by soil being In good tllth’! 2. What ls wrong with plants suffering from chlorosls? 3. What Is humus? 4. When is the word blossom‘ more commonly used then flower or bloom‘! 5. Do house plants do better In‘ porous or non- porous pots? 6. Are toads helpful or harmful In a ssrden? 7. What.

8. Whst Is s viable seed‘! 9. What have the four o'clock. ovenlnl star. ‘l0. What ls an sclform leaf? 11. Whst

Till} UNITED NATIONS

1. What was the United Nations How does it do Its work? What Is Its structural 2. What sre the defects of the organ- Isstlon? 3. Why should we support

completed July fl. 1945. st Ian Francisco, It defines the rules of international conduct which must be observed If the peoples of the end

THE GUARDIAN,“

THE ED UCA TIONAL HORIZON

PRESENTING NEWS AND VIEWS 0F INTEREST TO TEACHERS AND ALL OTHERS ffliilKlliG

(MPROVEMENTIIN EDUCATION

REPORT (continued)

By a. a. s. Williams

more of It. It should be made 101- mola helpful to the students.

(c) There should be more de- monstration uf good tcaohlrlc practice by members of the teach- er training staffs.

(d) qramees should be selected.

'1. From information given by teacher-trainees it is MIDI-Imi- that. two-thirds of thelr number are not learning to use modern. scientific apparatus and alde-

rn-Servloe Training

8.111s evidence sussests that. man)’ teachers do little general readlnlr. 0n the svera-se, one 8101111 011"" lloned read 2.1 books P" Yell’; the other group. 750 D8865 °1' about. three books. 0f education-

al Journal literature the second group (N: 520) ‘read on the average about. 750 P8895-

s. Staff school meetings are

held quite resularly as are also teacher association meet“)!!- There sre many more of these than there are teachers’ institutes or meetings with supervisors, In- spectnre and superintendents of schools.

Dtenderds in the Teaching Profession

1. The chief causes of failure In teaching ss given by 589 ex- perienced teachers are personal- llty defects. lack of drive, poor or- ganising sblllty o; insufficient academic or professional training.

2. ‘filo middle so per cent of the business-Industrial ~ profes- sional group says that elemen- tary grade teachers should have completed either Grads 1H1 or one year of university beyond grads XI! and that. high school teachers should have completed mree or four years of unlvsralty beyond senior matriculation. 50 per cent of the teachers are satis- fied with tlwo years of university as the educational requirements for high school teachers.

S. ‘llhe opinion (median) of the experienced teachers ls that lrln- dergarten and primary teacher: should have one year of profes- sional training; others, two years.

4. l‘! per cant: of Canada's teach- ers have had some university edu- cs-tlon: 2'1 per cent have a grade XIII education; 30 per cent gradu- ated from grade XI: 15 per cent. have grade X standing or less.

5. 1n fi Uni-ted States cities reporting, 86 per cent’. of ,the teachers have had four years of college training. In certain en- tue states from 50 per cent to 70 per cent of all teachers of all grades hold university degrees.

(l. ‘There were reported for Gan- ads. 10.880 persons ln charge of classrooms vmo hold no certifi- cates, have completed only short programs of teacher-trslnlng or entered the teacher-training In- stitution after completing grade X of the his-h school.

ANSWERS TO LQST WEEK'S QUIZ

sheep; 12. camel: 13. sow; 14, horse: 15. puma; 16, skunk; 17, pony; 13, weasel; 19, tiger; 20, mousr.

SCIENCE

come Indispensable. From plants we obtain the materials of which our houses are built, finished and furnished. Much of our clothing is made from plant fibers. Paper and rubber made from plant pro- ducts have increased‘ our means of transportation nnd communication.

Many of our beverages and some of our Important medicines contain plant derivatives.

Certain of our larger plants are used to beautify our homes, to decorate thedandscape. We use trees to protect us from Intense heat. Forested areas have be- come the centres of many forms of sport and recreation. Plants not only hold the soil against erosion by wind and water, but they im- prove its texture and composition, and mluoscoplc plants contribute to" its fertility. But the relation of Dlants to animals is not. wholly Weeds, for example. may decrease the yield of crops and increase the labor of cultivat- ing them. Many plants contain toxic and Irritating substances that cause suffering. Illness, or the death of human belnrzs and other anl- mals. Certain microscopic plants may Invade the tlssliss of the ant- mal body and lead to disease and death. Others cause diseases and destruction of the larger plants, and still others grow on commercial food products In shipment and stor- age and lessen their value or de- stroy them. The value cf plant science to society has been Increas- ingly appreciated as knowledge of plants has advanced,

Is the lnrlest member of the grass family? 12. When should peonles be planted? 13. How should tulip bulbs be stored? 14. To what fem- Ily does the vanilla plant belong? 15. What are the threqmost com- monplsnt polsonlngs? 18. What. Is a decortlcatlng tree? 17. What. Is clan? 18. What ls the smallest of the citrus fruits? 19. What have the pitcher plant and the venus fly- trap In common? 20. What ls the fleur-de-lls called In America?

‘f

than settle international disputes. structure-

1. The General Alscmbly. The general meeting of sll the B9 mom- ber states. . '

2. The Security Council. Then are eleven members Including 5 permanent seats. It is charged

maintenance of International peacl and security. A measure to pass the council must recelve the support of st least seven members Includ-

I’

with the prlmsry rosponslhlltty of,

cll. after speclflc problems.

Organization, Int. Bank and etc. Defect:-

declslons.

observe International rules, or enforce pence. It lacks unity among its nations

aided Wolfe? at 7 A.M. down the river.

rlver on the ab?) tide that. nlyfnl.

,1. A Quebec T

was about to happen Yes.

nlght—he was In great asltetlon and took no rest. all night."

mlon? Msrmlon‘s last.

and so were Wolfe's.

vlctorles no leis renowned war." opinion on this does Parkman believe?

Pullman's?

Wolfe agreed with Milton. would rather have written lines than take Quebec."

Parkman due to physical defects could not take an active part In the stirring physical events Wolfe could not writs.- poetry. We are all rather Inclined to admire those who can do the things we cannot do. hand was a famous writer and soldier. the victories of peace and war are equally renowned. He saw life from

statesman.

After each number write (a), (b). (c) or (d) to show how you think the statements below should be completed: 1. If two circles are equal, they (n) are congruent: (b) have a common centre: (c) inter- sect In not morethen two points: (d) have one and only one point. In common. 2. Two circles which have the same center are sald ls) be (a) equal; (b) concentric; (c) tangent internally: (d) on the line of centers. 3. A straight line which

A. Wheels make work easy.

1. Wheels have curved or round- ed perlmeters.

(a) All objects having the qual- ity of roundness can roll and may be classified on the basis of dif- ferent: kinds of rcundness: cal. cylindrical, and circular disk-shaped.

(b) Objects having the quality of roundness are easier to move than objects with flat surfaces.

2. Wheels must have axles ln order to make work easy.

(s) Some wheels turn on fixed axles.

(b) Some wheels and their sxlss turn together.

3. Wheels are operated by vari- ous kinds of force-muscle, motor, wind. and moving water.

4. Wheels are used in various ways. (a) force loads

OI‘

Wheels are used to rqluca the required In the moving of from place to place, .

(b) Wheels are used to transfer force to other parts of machines by means of axles, belts, or cogs.

B. Levers make work easy.

1. Levers reduce the force need- ed to lift objects.

It can be lifted.

ed to llft the weight.

can be lifted.

singular and plural forms. Thus we have then palrs of

les. etc. We must tske care

jects. one group. The word council

lt ls correct to say, The coun

need sunlight to live. by spiders. Some seeds are hitch-hikers.

Snakes era reptiles. i. Snow bunt tnls sre Insect asters.

each perentbesls. 1. Areyou studying (plane, plain

view when It crashed.

In: sll flve of the p-rmanen‘ coun-

l. 3. The Economic and Social Coun- Thls ls subdivided to look

4. In addition there sre 12 spe- clallzed agencies Including Interns- tlonal Clvll Avlstlon, Int. lssbour

By use of the veto the wishes of the msdorlty of the membe s may be cancelled, that ls the assembly lacks the power to enforce lts own

It maintains no sizable army for the purpose of forcing members to to

2. Did Montcalm feel that. some to Parkman tells us that "Montcalm passed e troubled

3. What slmllarlty do you note In the death scenes of Wolfe and Mar- thoughts were for the success of the army

4. Milton wrote. "Peace hath her than What seems to be Wolfe's question? What Can you account for Wolfe's opinion, and for

“I those

Parkman did not sires with this. "None were there to tell hlm that the hero is greater than the poet."

of war.

Milton on the other

He feels that

dlvldes a circle into two equal arcs WHEELS AND LEVERS

spheri-

2. The position of the fulcrum affects the amount of force need- ed to llft an object and the distance

(a) The nearer the fulcrum ls to the weight, and the farther it is from the forceathe less force need-

(h) The nearer the fulcrum ls to the force, and the farther It ls from the weight, the higher the weight

Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845) was a Quaker who spent her time help-

vsmo oounorrvn NOUNS Most collective nouns have bath

nouns: army-armies, class-classes, jurriur-

In using singular collective nouns es sub-

It Is correct to say. The coun- cll Is meeting In the library. he- cause we think of the councll es is singular and takes a singular verb.

cll are loin] to their homes for dinner, because we think of the council not es one group but as sev-

TIUE OR FALSE

1. Insects have III legs. 2. Plants 3. Nectar Is found In pods. 4. Coceons sre made S. The hummlnsblrd can fly only straight ehaed. B. We sat the seeds of peas end berm.

10. lfrost HOMONYM OONTIST

Underline the correct word In

gsosnstryf 2. The carpenter sent for e new (plain. plane). 3. The (plain, plane) was in (plain, plane) 4. Can you name the (capitals. capitals) of sll

Aooomplislunentm- 1

Therm sre vary n erous s1- though we may not. realm It. We can all lemember the followlnl tn- cttients: Palestine, lndls. ind Pe- klstan, Iran, and be anon. . .

We should ,, tit gven with all its present ‘ ‘, ‘ ‘ 1t Is our only hope for peace. Its so- clsl agencies should do much to give peace of mind to the peoples of the world. If we wonder wheth- er the U. N. will survive I would ask this question. "Four years after Confederation. did any one know if It was going to survive?" References:-

The United Nations, s speech by M. G. Iznstuff, May 21. 1948. G.W.

WOLFIPS VICTORY AND DEATH

1. What three fortunate conditional (a) The tide ebbed (b) A fresh wind blew (c) A convoy of provisions wa's being sent down the

both the soldier's and the poet's viewpoint.

During the first two years of the Seven Years’ War Britain suffered many defeats, and It was feared that she might lose. Rut. at") "was saved by s new leader, William Pitt, "The Great Commoner."

During this war both sides had Ireat. leaders In Canada. The Mar- . quls do Montcalm was the French General. Montcalm was successful for three years in defeating the British armies in America.

James Wolfe, the British Gen- eral. had Irish parents. He first made himself famous by helping to capture the strong French fortress of Loulsburg. Hts objective was to capture Quebec. The story ls told that he noticed how the women at the river banks washed their clothes there, but hung them et the top of the cliffs to dry. This fact led hlm to believe that there must be a trail up the steep cliffs. which had stopped hlm all summer. One nlght hIs men, with muffled osrs, crossed the river and stole up the difficult path. The next morning 2,000 British soldiers were lined up In a fleld known at the Plains of Abraham. In the battle which fol- lowed both Wolfe and Montcalm were killed but Quebec was captur- ed by the British.