I

THE GUARDIAN

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"The strongest memory II weaker than the Iveakeat Ink."

TUESDAY. MAY 10. 1955

A Memorable Date

May 10th fifteen years ago was a mem- orable, Ind perhaps a decisive, date in the history of Britain and, indeed. in that of civilization. It was on that day that Mr. Neville Chamberlain resigned as Prime Minister of Great Britain and was suc- ceeded by Mr. Winston Churchill, as he was then. It would be useless now to re- flect on what might or might not have hap- pened had the change not taken place when it did: but there scents to be general agree- ment that the change marked the begin- ning of a new and more vigorous approach to the problems that confronted the Brit-

ish people who, at the time,-aided by.

such help as the rest of the Commonwcalth was able to give--stood virtually alone in defending the ramparts of freedom; wait- ing. as Nfr. Churchill later described it, "till those who had been half blind were half ready."

As for Mr. Chamberlain, much con- troversy has centered round his leader- ship before and after the 0ut.break of war. It will probably be many years before the historiaus will find a proper appraisal of his life and work possible; meanwhile, most of his official contemporaries, including Sir Vl'in.ston himself, appear to agree that his failures. whatever they were, were the re- sult not so mttch of personal inadequacy in the face of grave issues as of the apathy and misjudgmcnts which prior to 1939 had characterizerl the political thinking of the mutitry, and especially of the Conservative Party of which he was the head. In any case. it is to be noted that the new Prime Minister kept Mr. Chamberlain in his Gov- ernment and War Cabinet until continuing

illness forced the former leader to retire, In no place in Sir Winstonls memoirs is'

there one word of censure or reproach con- cerning Mir. Chamberlain; on the contrary. there is much to show that the war time leader had great respect for his predeces- sor's counsel and help in many difficult situations, and above all, for his personal integrity. And when Mr. Chamberlain pas- sed away the Prime Minister took time out. in the House of Commons to pay him high tribute, in the course of which he said this:

"The only guide to I man is his con- science; the only shield to his memory is the rectitude and sincerity of his actions. It is very imprudent to walk through lifc without this shield, because we are so often mocked by the failure of our hopes and the upsetting of our calculations; but with this shield, however the fates may play, we march always in the ranks of honour.

"Vlfhatever else history may say or not say about thcse tcrrible. tI'eIu0I1d01IS .V98l'5. we can he stirc that Ncville Chamberlain actcd with pnrfccl sincerity according to his liizhls and strove to the utmost of his caprlcity and atlthority. which were power- ful. to save the world from the awful. dov- aslntiiig slrttgglc in which we are now en- gaqcri. lie was, like his father and his hrnlhor ,.m,Ipn hcforc him, a famous mcvnbor of thc House of Commons, and we here assninbled this morning, members of all parties, without a single cxccption. feel that we do ottrsclvcs and our country hon- our in saluting the memory of one whom l)isI';mli would have called an l-liiullslt

.19

worthy.

Water Problems

A I'ct't'Iit issuc of the Non York Titties carricd an inu-resting rcport. of a meeting of sctniitist-.4 from many countries for thc disctission of watt-r problcms in the arid areas of the world which. from somc catisc or othcr, appcar to be E9ltln.El l)l'.'L'l'l' .V""V by your. Following are some of the prin- cipal findings recorded:

Long before white scttlcrs came to Arizona and New Mexico the nativc lilti- ians in both regions had dwel')p?.'i an ir- rigalion system much morc satisfactory for the raising of crops than a.IvtniI1E'. WW l)0lIlL' done by scientific methods. An en- gine-cr from Tunisia, anot'icr arid rczion, told how water has rcrtt"1ll.V b-"9" disco” prvfl in old Roman ruins. Sonic of thcsi wclls ucrc as deep as 300 font a Id thL?.V till"

still Itsahlc, nncc the rlcbris of centulrius Int but u clmmcd away. in the Umled .. . Slzttvs alonc parasitic plants n'l'lkI.' away wi.lI as much as 3.1 million acre-fol-t of ,H,,.,. R ).,.,u-. app1'.)XilllaiCly half as vmum as that used for irrigitnn pirp )s'.”i. Fun .I- -lig salt water into fresh is still an ex) Ils- V operation; but I new system now being f .. ' wt cnzli-.'i'il" expect tocuic as my my 5; 31000 per mil-

: , t

llon gallons. An expert on the desert reg- ions of Asia and Africa brought a fresh ap- yproach to an old pt” 'em by suggesting that in countries wlr - various species of rodents, which live ll vezetation, are plentiful, these anir. . should be used to augment the food supply. Most of these species, he maintained, provide healthful and nutritious food; but, except for the rabbit and squirrel, they have never been made use of on a large scale. Prejudice. no doubt!

Those who are used to all the water they want when they want it, just by turn- ing a tap, will be surprised to learn that about half of the earth's surface is in a more or less arid condition, and that more than half the worldls population lack ade- !quate water supply. Many millions are iactually thirsty most of the time.

Plight Of The Universities

We are now approaching the period of ycoinmencement exercises for our colleges .-and universities across Canada. It is gen- ? erally conceded that our future as a nation -depends upon our people being sufficiently

lwell educated to be in the fore-front of

world progress, industrially and otherwise, and able to cope with its crowding com- plexities. Most people fully recognize that 'our institutions of higher learning must expand wit ha growing population, and therefore will have to expand particular- ly fast in the next fifteen years. as the number of people of university age jumps abnormally. And the needs of quality as well as of quantity are also pretty gener- ally understood. What, then, are we doing to meet this challenge educationally?

Very little, it would seem, if the state- ments of Professor Corry, of Queen's Uni- versity, and one of Canada's outstandingl educationists, are to be credited. In a re- cent address in Winnipeg Professor Corry pointed out that a generation ago, just be- fore the depression, the average expendi- ture of Canadian universities was 55483 per student. That was in 1928. In 1953 the number of dollars was far greater: but in dollars of the same value as 1928 they would have been only 33514 per student. In real terms. the cost of university education per student rose by only 5 per cent. But the average Canadian is now 60 per cent 'better off than was the average Canadian in 1928. That is the improvement in what the economists call real income per capita. 'We are a much richer nation than we were -twenty-five years ago, but we have allow- ed our institutions of higher learning to lag lamentably behind. We cannot do so p'inde-finitely. if we are to retain ev,en the I-material advantages of our status as a nation.

EDITORIAL NOTES

For the first three months of this year this country's exports amounted to ap- proximately T966 1.-'2 million, up 11.60 from the same period a year ago. At the same time imports amounted to 951. billion, 21 million, I 10.3"-'n increase over last year's figures.

I O 0

According to I report issued by a Uni- ted States Government office, Western ex- ports to Soviet Russia and her satellites last year amounted to about Til-V2 billion. the highest volume since 1949. Even so. it is a more trickle in international trade. Including Rod China, free world exports to all Communist countries came to only .aboul 2'; of the total world volume.

I O O The -National Department of Health and Welfare wants to know what civil fscrvants eat for breakfast. "One won-

,dcrs", says the Ottawa Journal, "how far this avuncular display of-interest in the private livcs of the Government's employ-

,t-cs will go. What about, for instance. the

lpcrccntage of niglitgowns to pyjamas-eand

ilhe number who wcar neither!" 0 O C in order to minimrlp the seriousness of

, retluccd cxpcnditurcs for defense, the Uni-

pied States Republican Policy Committee has issued a 31 ptirze booklet entitled "Na- tional Defense under the Republican Ad-

ministration today and tomorrow." The

Democrats are charging that the publica- tion. in giving information on new wea- pons, represents a breach of security reg-

ulations. One very prominent Republican -the Prcsidcnt.-seems to agree with them. He called it a blunder.

I I I

It is a relief to all our citizcis to kttmv. on the authority of National Health Min- istcr Martin, that Canada has not had a sin gle unfavorable reaction reported among thc 800,000 of its children inoculat- cd with Salk polio vaccine. The nation- lwidc immunization program is therefore

br-in; continued, despite a United States ldccision to hold up its vaccinations. Mr. .Vl;Irlin poinlcd out that all vaccine bcirv: ttsctl in Canada's joint f4"l.4I"il-'1-ivittial prozrant is produced at. Connaughl labora- tories, Toronto, and is submitted to exten- sive testing. first at (Two l'l Hill and a suc-

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.'lrd KINGS NOMINATION

Sir,-During the last session of Le Legislature an erroneous im- ,.rL-ssion may have been created through remarks made by Pre- mier Mathcson and Hon. Mr. Clark concerning the nomination in our District.

Here are the facts. Mr. Hunter had been .our candidate for a number oftelections. He was elec- ted on three occasions, and lost out by only twelve votes in the "mud election" four years ago when we were unable to get a number of our voters to the polls. No district could be pruuder than we are to have a man of his calibre representing us. either in or out of the Lsgislature. He was respected and admired by all - l'regardless of politics.

At our executive meeting last fall it was decided that our con- vention would be held in late October or early November. A delegation was appointed to wait on the two previous candidates to request them to re-offer. Mr. J. A. MacDonald was contacted and he accepted. Al the time. Mr. Hunter informed the delegation that, due in his health and the increasing responsibilities as pres- ident of the expanding Prince Edward Island Plowing Match Association added to his normal business duties ,he regretted that he would not be able to offer. He stated that he would. of course. be giving his wholehearted sup- port to any candidate for the party. Shortly after that. as is well known by all in this area, he went to hospital. where he un- derwent two serious operations which involved hospitalization over a period of many weeks.

In Mr. Hunter's place we were able to have Mr. Walter R. Shaw, former deputy Minister of Agri- culture. consent to our unanimous invitation to accept nomination. in view of the lack of authorita- tive agricultural rcprcseiitatiun in the Legislature. this District is most fnrtunate in securing his services. Mr. MacDonald has al- ready Izlven outstanding public service. and two years ago re- ceived the largest majority ac- corded any candidate in this dis- trict for many years.

This matter was discussed at our recent executive meeting. and we feel that in all fairness to Mr. Hunter. who is working very diligently for us, and to Mr. Mac- Donald the true facts as given above should he published.

I am. Sir, etc. DOUGLAS MCGOWAN President, Proizressive Conserva- tive Association of Third Kings.

SIGNS OF DANGER

Sir,--In "Widening Educational Horizons" (The Guardian April ill) a big splurge was made about the technique of fitting the pupil into I group. The calibre of the group is immaterial. It seems that the group has I right to do whatever it plcascs, to follow its group spirit.

In this connection Dr. No.-Itby says. in her book. "A Temperate Dispute": "Today there are s' r- of danger. There are signs that the conception of the group may he losing the one thing that gives it, virtue and even life in I free society . . . The difference between the group and the herd is the measure of our humanity . . . The essence of Western freedom. the whole of Western civilization re-

Paris Pacts In Force

By W. N. Ewer United Kingdom Information Office

On Thursday, May 5, the Parisi Agreements signed last October' came into force when the signa-j tories "deposited instruments of ralificaton" in the manner pro- vided. Almost exactly ten years from the end of the war. Western Germany became a free and in- dependent republic; and became at the same time a member of N. A. T. 0. and of the newly created Western European Union. After I long and troubled period. the promise made by the British,j French and American foreign' ministers in the autumn of 1950 had been fulfilled. ,

What. one asks. will be the of-J feel on relations between the "Western Powers" and the Soviet: Union? Will ratification improvcl or for the moment. destroy such chance as there may be of four- power talks both on Germany and on even wider issues? The policy of the three powers has been made quite plain during the past months. They could not agree to four-power talks before ratifica- tion: but once the Paris Agree- ments were in force. then. so far as they were concerned, the door would be wide open. Sir Anthony Eden has stressed the point again and again.

Why, then, since they desire negotiations, did the three powers decline all stiggcstion of a four- power conference before ratifica- tion? The reason was strictly a practical one. The Berlin Confer- ence nn January and Fr.-brtiary 1954 had been a barren failure. And one reason - it was very clear to those who watched it - was that Mr. Molol0v's purpose throughout was to prevent, or de- lay ratification of the E. D. C. Treaty (predecessor of the pres-

the three R's than in developing the proper knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in social relation- ships-the basis of true Christian democracy." It is neither Christ- ian. nor democratic. The tendency to minimize the importance of the three R's is based on Dewey's philosophy of education. and Dewey was an atheist. As to democracy, every crnckpot theory expounded in and out of the academic world is labelled "demo- cratic". Dr. Neathy speaks of the "almost hysterical assertion of 'dcmocratic' as I suitable epithet for everything that it seems good to educators to do."

"Democracy" is the most mis- used word in the world today. both on this and the other side of the Iron Curtain. Nobody defines it, but everybody is bandyiniz it about. If you live and breathe and sing and dream; if the sun shines and the wheat grows; if the river: flow and the wind blows. there is only one explanation for all that: Dem- ocracy! Communists shriek it with hysterical tremolos in their voices as they exert themselves frantic- ally to cnthrone it in the place of God. It has become the fetish of modern times.

In its December 29, 1952 issue "Life" said editorially: "In Amer- lca, other 'spurious remedies' for the absence of God from an in- tellectual llfe may be discerned or feared. One is the Idolizatlon of democracy itself."

"Attitudes" is another one of the glittering vncuities pro- gressivists are fond of throwing out to bamboozle the public. Pic- ture to yourself the kind of society we would have after the virtual by-passing of the three 11': for a whole generation. Of course that would he done in the name of democracy too. On that point also

ant Paris Agreements). A: the year went on, it became even more clear that this objective was dominating all Soviet approach to European questions. even more clear that if the four ministers were to meet again, Mr. Molotov would demand the scrapping of the Western Treaties as I pre- condition for anything else. And since it would be a quite unac- ceptable condition, there could .be no useful purpose in holding a con- ference whiclf would meet dead- lock from its opening hours.

SERIOUS INTENTIONS

But. that difficulty is now out of the way. The Paris Agreements are in force. The Soviet Govern- ment. can no longer use I four- power meeting as an opportunity for trying to prevent something which is now an accomplished fact. So there in at any rate - as there wax not until now - I possibility that I conference might be fruitful and helpful. The three powers are ready to make the attempt. They have already set their experts at work on I pre- paratory study of questions which would probably come up for dil- cussion. That is evidence of the seriousness of their intentions. On March 27, Marshal Bulganln, the Soviet Premier, made the re- markable statement that he took "a positive attitude" towards President Eisenhower's wish for I four-power conference. The So- viet radio commented that "the Soviet Union has never declared that east-west talks would be im- possible after ratification of the Paris Agreements." And at I reception on April 28,” the Marshal repeated that he was in fvour of "a conference at the sum it". adding jestingly "ask Ei I

Medically. Speaking

.

Herman N. Bunduea. M. D. uucaxa 'rI-uuva on wonnv"

Don't worry about your ulcer? Worry is likely to make it worse.

Emotional stress of any kind II had for an ulcer patient. If you have an ulcer. you've got to calm down. take it easy; don't over- work and don't become unduly dil- turbed or excited.

Excessive secretion of- hydro- chloric acid In your stomach In- variably accompaniea I case of peptic uplcers.

When You Eat

Increased secretion of acid, of course, naturally occur: when you eat. The secretion of this corro- sive gastric juice stops after the food has left the stomach and there is nothing left for the pep- sin-acid to work on.

However, the gastric function II not stepped up by eating alone. The mere smell or taste of food, or even I discussion about good- ies, will Icceleratc the process.

Troublesome situations in life can also boost gastric function. Emotional Upsets

Dr. Stewart Wolf, head of the department of medicine at the University of Oklahoma School of Medicine. reports that worry and anxiety can produce a continuous increase in the gastric function. In such cases, the stomach will pour out corrosive gastric juice: even when empty of food. Further- more, he points out, the stomach of an ulcer patient may pour out ten times II much corrosive gal- tric juice as the stomach of I nor- mal person.

After studying ulcer patienta over a period of several years, he found. "No stimulus is as potent In accelerating gastric function II discussing with I patient some

in; life-situation." He cites several instances to gestion that 1 am passing on to you.

If You Have I Problem

Confide in your doctor. If you're worried about something, tell him. Don't expect him to cure your ulcer pt: anently if you are hid- ing some emotional disturbance which might be I contributing

QUESTION AND ANSWER B. M. H; Could a kidney dis-

Iyimz down: or could nerves do it? Answer: Swelling in the face might. be due to a kidney disturb- ance. It may also come from ner- vous disorders. An examination by

termine the exact cause.

hh' 77oe&'

Sweet Chance, that led my steps abroad,

Beyond the town where wild flow- ers grow-

A rainbow and I cuckoo. Lordf How rich and great the times are now!

Know, all ya sheep

And cow: that keep

On staring that I stand so long

In grass that's wet from heavy rain-

A rainbow and I cuckoo'I song May never come together again; May never come

This side the tomb.

-w. K. Davies.

troublesome. meaningful, threaten- all small combs units In the navy.

prove his point and make: I sug- forcag h Tunigla in 190.