vireo roan THE GUARDIAN

Ilornlng Dolly (Founded ln 1887': Authorlued uu Second Cluoo Mull. Past Offlco Department. Ottuwu. rreuldent. In A. Burnett; Vice-President. Wm. ft. Burnett; SeeL-Treuu, G. M. Burnett; Editor and Managing Dlreotor. J. ll. Burnett; Associate Editor. - Frank Walker.

(‘The Strongest Memory is Weaker Than tho Weakest lnk.“

THURSDAY, OCTOBER l6-

l CHARLOTTETOWN,

Nuremberg And After

Brigadier-General .l. H, Morsflfl. K-C-r will‘ lrrg tor the Quarterly Review under the above Iieading has some very critical things to say about tho trials. Having first examined “and found unimpeachable in law the count of War Crimes," of which all but three of the defend- ants were, indeed, convicted, the learned author goes on to show the weakness of the other counts in the Nuremberg Indictment. , a

Count Four, "Crimes Against Humanity. was previously to I946 unknown to international law and the "particulars" under this heading in- cluded offences committed by the German Gov- ornmcnt in Germany before the war and upon Its own subjects. This is inipassi le ta recon- cile with national or international law, yet as

-the "Charter" of the Tribunal (Article 5) ex- pressly laid it down that "crimes against human- ity committed against any civil population be- fore or during the war were to be Within the "risdiction of the Tribunal," the Court had no option but to admit evidence of them and to pass judgment upon them. It is. °f coiirsefun ex- treme example of ex-post facto legislation and the draftsmen have much to answer for.

The writer goes on to criticize the phrase "Aggressive War" which the Nuremberg Tri- burial held to have been made a crime by the Pact of Paris (Kellogg-Briand Treaty) but which that Pact merely condemned in generalterms in its preamble without actually outlawing such aggressive war in terms. Even that doubltful prohibition was avoided by the expedient of ’un- declared war" and practically repudiated in the terms of the U. K.'s declaration of war and the U. S. Proclamation of Neutrality. In the words of Professor H. A. Smith, "lt may safely be said that no lawyer would have dared to say in I939 that the rulers of a state could be punished as criminals for preparing an aggressive war." The nations of the world, begetters of the Pact, left Abyssinia, China and Finland to their fate and did not even break off diplomatic relations with the aggressors. Tho Pact was already dead, and, indeed, in an advanced state of decomposi- tion, years before it was dug up in Nurem- berg.

Tho Count of "Conspiracy" is paradoxical In that o military tribunal deriving its jurisdic- tion from the fact of war is invested to try the accused for alleged offences committed in time of peace, extending back to six years before the outbreak of war. The jurisdiction, under the laws and usages of war, of a military court ls a jurisdiction confined to "alien enemies." Yet at the time the alleged offences were commit- ted tho accused were not "enemies" at all.

Further, apart from "War Crimes" all, or necsly all of the offences were lawful by the laws of the country, Germany, to wit, in which they were committed.

The author gives a final warning that the victorious power will always claim that the vanquished was the aggressor and in such case, If Britain be vanquished, it may go hard for some of her "Economi Planners."

llew Consumers’ Organization

A new women's organization which has made itself heard in the nation's capital and of which much more will shortly be heard through- out the country, is the Canadian Association of Consumers. This is a voluntary, independent organization, and was formed by representatives of national women's groups, Provincial presi- dents of Women's Institutes, chairmen of the forrner W. R. A. C., and fl! consumers’ branch of the W. P. T. B. Its membership is open to all women living in Canada on the payment of a small fee. It has been formed to provide a channel for economic education to all Canadian women and at the same time ta be a focal point for consumer education.

The women felt they should unite because they have a keen sense of human values and human welfare. This coupled with adequate in- formation should make their united voices of value in the practical workings of our democracy, and also ensure better home making.

Specifically the aims of the new organiza- tion aro:

I. To unite women's strength as consum- ers; to work for the improvement of standards of living in Canadian homes.

'2. To study consumer problems and make recommendations for their solution.

3. To circulate information an matters of consumer interest and to secure and evaluate opinions.

a satisfactory quality of living.

The Association will seek to work through existing women's organizations, and it is hoped that evcry housekeeper especially will avail her- self of this opportunity to obtain, through the director, the information which will be made available from expert economists, technicians and others.

The organization meeting instructed tho new directors lo meet with Prime Minister Mac kenzie King and his Ministers to discuss the whole question of rising living costs. They ask- ed that immediate action be taken to bring down prices of essential commodities to assure a dec- ent standard of living and to hold off further inc-eases in basic load prices until the prices of other commodities become stabilized.

The Association is plcnning to open a nation-wide membership campaign, and it has made an auspicious start in the practical nat- ure of its aims and objective.

— EDITURIAL NOTES — Princess Elizabeth christens the Canadian liner "Edinburgh Castle" at Belfast today.

The first United States Congress met this date I774—ane year after Prince Edward Island's first Parliament met.

I I I I

lt is understood the stand to bo choson for buses in the City is Clarke St., running between Prince and Hillsboro.

R I l’ R

Every cent of fire insurance money paid to insurers is later collected from non-losers by increased rates. lt therefore pays to keep down the number of fires.

w I I I

Nobody, not even the Premier, knows when the Provincial election will take place, but it is surmised that if it is to be held this year, the date will be round about the third week of November.

I I I I

Mr. Arthur T. Fardais, Ottawa motorist, probably regrets his consideration for the safety of a pigeon. Fardais braked to avoid running down the bird and a following car crashed into him. Damages amounted to $l65.

I‘ if i’ I

The United States is going in for food con- servation with as much ballyhoo as in the pro- motion of ball-bearing pens. The administra- tion has been forced to realize that the great American public has built up a resistance to all but the most high-powered newspaper appeals.

I I i I

The New Zealand Labour Government has introduced an amendment making it compulsory for a union to hold a secret ballot of members directly affected before any strike. The object of the legislation is to prevent union members being forced into a strike against their will by militants.

I I I I

The Argentine seems to be preparing to develop a dairy industry in addition to its pres- ent beef herds. Many of the foundation stock will be purchased in Canada, enabling us to en- courage high class competition as we did in the fox industry, and are doing in the hog industry.

The division of Palestine is one of the few issues on which Russia is on the same side as Britain and the U. S. The motives, however, are somewhat different. The western powers being concerned with providing a home for the Jews and Russia being bent on weakening the rightist Arab federation.

I I I I

It was a graceful Gflfl appreciated aEt on the part of Deputy Pos master-General W. J. Turnbull to attend the Board of Trade, if for no other purpose, than to advise us not to be impatient about a new Post Office in the City, reminding us we may have to wait as long as we did for our new Car Ferry,-six years, Hr;

also had a dig at those politicians who may think departments exist for the purpose of pro- viding jobs for "deserving democrats." "The

Dopartment/"he said, "does not exist for the purposb bl finding jobs for civil servants, or for making money. There is only one limita- tion we put on what we do: we are not entitled

to take out of the taxpayers’ pockets luxury services to give to a favored few." I "I i I Nuremberg criminals executed this date

I946. Adolf vHirler is presumed to have died, probably a suicide, on April 30, I945. In Nov- ember, l945, at Belsen, and in December qt Nuremberg, German war criminals guilty of atrocities were arraigned and tried. The in. diclmentcharged the major war criminals with responsibility for the deaths of l2,000,000 merr, women and children, and on Oct. I, I946, the tribunal sentenced l2 of the accused to death, 3 to umprisonment for life, and 4 to lesser terms, wli-le 3 were acquitted. Allied Control Council rejected all appeals for clemency, and "rejected plea by Goering, Jodi and Keitel to be shot in- stead of hanged. Shortly before he was to have been hanged Goering committed suicide by tak- ing cyanide in his cell. The remaining Nazis sentenced to death were hanged at Nuremberg

4. To bring the views of consumers to the attention of Government, trade and industry and to provide a channel from these to the con- sumer.

The programme will be flexible, formulated to meet the needs of every hamlet, town or city in Canada. '

before dawn an l6th. I I I I‘

l It is to be hoped the scheme to remodell

lDalvay ta_suit gur steadily growing tourist trad; ‘IS not being lost sight of in the plethora 9f other projects mooted. An up-to-date Dalvay lin the National Park would set the pace not

THILEQARDIAF-JJPLABLQIIETTQQEN

flotos By The flay

Ono of those new linllllruntu brought from Great. Britain paint- ed n picture for Canadians ln o sentence just. otter he entered this fortunate land. We should pause to think about. lt. seriously. The arrival announced with gusto. "I have had four weeks‘ egg rations for breakfast this morning." Brandon Sun.

Toronto expert uuyo parents ore responsible for the delinquency at‘ their children. But. then grand- parents are responsible for the parents and so on ad lnflnltum, until you ‘get right back to original sin. — Toronto Saturday Night.

The sponsor of u. null order course ln writing suggests that budding authors adopt flowery, three-word pseudonyms under which to submit. their first efforts to magazines, relates Trade Winds Ill The Saturday Review of Lifter- ature. "Where" he asks, “do you think Mary Roberts Rlnehisrt and Clarence Budlngton Kelland would be today lf they had written under the names of. say Mary Jones and Clarence Smith?" In the opinion of Trade Winds, they’d be ln exactly the same place they are now.

There lo o. fascination ln plow- lng. There ls scarcely a more beautiful sight. than a well-match- ed team rhythmically and leisurely plodding up arid down a field and heaving clean, straight swathes of brown earth where pasture or stubble were before. Science says that straight furrows are not. the thing and the former ls is can- servaflonlst. But. he's glad that. he can still plow. Plowing ls satis- factory work whether ln a straight line or following the natural con- tour of the land. - Kitchener Re- cord.

When he woo thirteen yeuro old. George Ernest Fader knew nothing about booting a bugle. but he was sure that. the Canadian army af- fered a good career; his father and two brothers were in ft. already. So George enlisted and, after basic training, was handed a bugle. Says Fades‘: “I Just. exhaled, and Lt the right note dldrrt come out, some- one booted me ln the rear." George's father and brothers were penslaned of! ln due time. George stayed ln uniform. became s pay clerk, s sergeant major, and the father of two. Last week, at thirty- three. George retired on s pension (two - fifths of his pay) good for about $1,000 o year for the rest. of his 1lfe. — Tlme Magazine.

When given u chance at employ- ment, disabled persons generally prove they are Just. as capable as other workers in the same types of jobs. Often they are superior. Yet. there ls o great. unlfled need for providing them fuller oppor- tunities to display their special skills and all-round working abil- ity. Some 6.000.000 handicapped lien and women are now employ- ed ln thousands of different kinds of jobs. They are performing well.

A cross-section survey In 109 plants which hlre botlli handl- oapped and able-bodied workers

revealed that the handicapped em- ployes have been found by their employers to be more reliable and less inclined to absenteeism than the others. Also, they are widely regarded as being unusually careful

sici adaptable. Wherever they have been properly placed their production records have been

outstanding. - Kansas City Times.

A great deal ls being uuld theoe days about the necessity of west- erers gaining on understanding of the Russian mentality, says The Woodstock Sen-tlnel-Revlew. This inspired s contemporary to recall an anecdote related by the late great. Spanish writer, Blasco Ib- anez. "Ah, the Russlansl" senor Ibanez exclaimed. "They are strange people. I have talked with their statesmen and writers. I have read their books. Again arid again I have felt. that. at last I under- stood them. but, all 0f a sudden. something would pop up to prove me entirely mistaken. “It ls this way: A Russian says to you. ‘two and two makes four.. You say ‘yes’. I-Ie says ‘four and four makes eight.‘ You say ‘certainly.’ He says ‘16 and l6 makes 1.876.‘ You protest ‘they do nothing of the sort. They make—' "He looks at. you ln des- pali‘. " ‘Ah!’ he walls. ‘you do not understand the Slavic soul.’ "_

A modern farmer has to be o mechanic as well as a tiller of the soil. Quick repair jobs frequent.- ly add much to the dangers. As an instance, the hay fork equip- ment now In use many y rs for lifting and mowing hay ulcklll. presents many hazards in itself. Lifting as much as is half load of hay at. times, lt. puts I: terrific strain on the several pulleys along which it works. The fork itself may, through mechanical failure or momentary carelessness plunge down endangering any 01W W110 may happen to be below. Or same- .l.hlng may catch in the carriage. jwhlch runs along tracks at tho extreme height in the peak of the barn. Then the farmer has to cllmb up to flx It, at. that height, come- ‘Jimes right. over a runway of the ibdffl. The common hay fork. Wit-h

lui long sharp tines. standby of ‘the farmers through genefliltlfll.

Tlrg qsspciqriorr ha; qdgptgd q gig r995," oniv for the erection and development of other ""168 Wllh ll- muny dflflllfl- -

programme covering: (I) standards of consumer goods; (2) prices; (3) planned spending and saving; (4) "you and the homo market"; (5) hous- ing; l6) foreign trade-a two-way street. Each of theso points is subdivided into numerous sec- tions, all bearing on practical every-day prob- lems of the consumer.

While looting prices were a livo topic at tho organization meeting of tho Association at Ottawa, it was folt that tlioy could not bo dis- cussed without cioisidoratlon of Canada's uiii-

auo place in world trade. Emphasis was placod Pririco Edward, tho Island l2. .;i.'-u.', i = the moot, on tho relation botwoon tho standards of tho popular summer rash-Y l. quality of goods consoniod and tlio standards of tho wholo of North l:

‘tourist resorts, but would encourage wealthy Icdlifldlflfl! and Americans to erect summer ‘homes of their own in favourable sites, just as the Macdonald's built and maintained Dalvay till the third generation sought pastures new in Continental Europe. lt will be untold genera- tions before Europe will have sufficiently ro- covcred to attract summer tourists from this side; whereas we have everything needful at our ‘command, the only things still raqiri-"lbeing vis- ion, initiative and eriterprize. We . t picturo

l Juno to October on

KI.

lOwen Sound sun Times.

nouns MDNEY PHIS

i.

l

PUBLIC FORUM

‘Ihlo column lo open tn tno dlocullau by oorra- opouaeisto at auoutlonu u tntureut. The Charlottetown Guurdluu rloeu not uaoeoour- ll; coda tho oplnlou of wrreopondenh.

EVEN‘? LEADERSHIP NEEDED

Sin-l have read that. keen and understanding letter by H. K. S. llernmlng concerning the packing- liouse workers’ strike, and cer- tainly concur in the suggestion that lack of leadership and inact- lon on the part. of the author- ltles involved (either at the Fed~ eral or Provincial level) makes o. solution to the labor-management. problem just. that. much more ln- volved—and, as your correspond- ent says. "the longer we neglect. 1t the more difficult. It will be- came."

Unfortunately the fact that meat supplies continue to come fairly riomnally to Canadian tables, tends to obscure the dang- ers lurking behind this most uri- fortunate - also untimely - la- bor-management fight? The pea- ple likely to be most. cruelly hurt. use, as you know, those at bath ends of bhlsffaod pipeline" reaching back to the livestock producers on the one hand, and the hard-pressed folks in Britain and the continent on the other!

I cull a thought from your W.C.’I‘.U. column in that. same issue which appears to this read- er to have a place 1n this picture, and which I commend to the not.- lce of all concerned:

“We shall feed the

sauls of earth;

But whom have we fed today?"

The ineptitude and silent cow- ardlce of our public men at. this grave hour ls, indeed. deplorable? 0 far o Canadian voice to match this grlm hour, and rally the troops of peace in the global war on hunger! Listen to the clarion- call of Woodrow Wilson 1n years of crisis, no darker than the pres- ent hour: "Men's hearts waft. upon us; men's lives hang 1n the balance; men's hopes call upon us to say what we will do. Who shall llve up to the great trust? Who dares fall to try? I sum- mon all honest men. all forward- looking men to my side. God help- ing me. I will not. fall them. lf they will but. counsel and sustain me."

I am. Sir. etc, STUDENT.

hungerlng

Success Of West Indies Conference

The reports of the British West. Indies Conference so far available le.\\e no doubt that. the idea of federation has now firmlv taken root a-nong the three million pea- p.c of tlitse scattered and ancient. Colonies who have had separate forms of government. in some cases u: long as 300 years. The Conference was concluded Only cn September 19th and such account of its achievements as can be given niiw ls only ln suriimziy form.

The main committee of the Con- ference wlth Flight Lieutenant Alden Crowley, M.P., Parliament- ary Private secretary to the Uri- lted Kingdom Secretary of State ior the Colonies, in the chair at. its first session on September 15th, found itself in general agreement on the principle of federation on the Australian model: that ls to say. the component. territories to transfer certain powers to the fed- eral authority, reserving to them- selves all other powers. Only Brl- tish Gulono. of the seven Colonies concerned could not subscribe to this resolution. British Guiana however agreed with all other rie- clsions. . C O C C

Of these the most. important is agreement to form a joint stand- ing organization to plan the fed- oration. The Committee. which will sil. in Barbados, will consider and make recommendations on the assimilation of fiscal and tarlff policies and of the legislation of the federatlng units,’ unification of currencies and. so for as prac- ticable, of public services. Its members will give thought to the form of constitution most. likely to meet. the aspirations of the mass of the people. The Commit- tce ls asked to report. by the end of next. year so that. a further can- ference can be held not later than June 1940.

There was keen discussion an the resolutions embodying 5p- proval of the proposal to federate. In particular. some preferred im- mediate federation. while others feared that might put back the development of responsible govern- ment. ln each Colony. Flna1ly_ with the reservation already noted ln respect of British Guiana. the‘ Conference passed all the resolu- tions of which the following are among the more important.

Flrstly.,l.lie Conference. recog- nlzlng the desirability of a po- iltlcal federation of British Carib- bean territories, accepted the prin- clple of u federation ln which csch constituent unit retains complete control over all matters except those specifically assigned to tho federal Government.

Secondly. the Conference agreed that on increasing measure Clott- sponslblllfy should be extended to the several units of the British Caribbean territories, whose po- litlcul development must be pur- sued as on silm ln itself without prejudice and ln no way nubar- iilnsta to progress towards feder- ltlon.

Thlrdly. the Conference agreed that the provision of adequate In- tercaloalol and external shipping services and other communications ls essential lf progress ls to be made towards federation, arid recommended that In the mean- time. and until o federal authority